2. Phylum: Porifera (sponges) (8,761 known species)
sponges: 14 min.
Phylum: Porifera (sponges) (8,761 known species)
General Description: Simplest animals, multicellular
No organs or body systems
Skeleton composed of spongin (soft) and spicules (hard)
Symmetry: Asymmetrical
Feeding: Filter Feeders - Cellular digestion
Circulation: Diffusion - No circulatory system
Excretion: Diffusion
Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords
Movement: Sessile (do not move)
Reproduction: Reproduce sexually or asexually (regeneration)
Respiration: Diffusion

3. Phylum: Cnidaria (10,303 known species)
General Description:
Primarily a marine organism distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey.
Symmetry: Most are radial symmetry
some have asymmetry (corals)
Feeding: Primarily Predators with use of:
Tentacles
Cnidocytes (stinging cells)
Nematocysts (barbs)
Circulation: No circulatory system
all cells are in contact with the water, which contains oxygen and nutrients. 

4. Phylum: Cnidaria cont. Excretion: Waste flows out by diffusion
Response: Lack a central nervous system
specialized sensory nerve cells to transmit information to the rest of the nervous system
Movement: Some muscle movement – but mostly carried by ocean currents
Reproduction: Reproduce sexually or asexually
Respiration: Diffusion
Examples: Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral, Portuguese man of war

5. Phylum: Platyhelminthes – Flatworms (29,285 known species)
General Description: Flatworms are soft flat worms with tissues and organ systems.
Symmetry: Bilateral
Feeding:
Free Living: carnivores that eat tiny aquatic animals. Food passes through mouth into pharynx then into gastrovascular cavity where digestion occurs.
Parasitic: Feed on blood of host, lets host digest food for them.

6. Platyhelminthes – Flatworms Cont.
Circulation: Diffusion
Excretion: Removed using Flame Cells through tiny pores in the skin
Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords
Movement: Cilia & muscle cells
Reproduction: Hermaphrodites (both sex organs)
Respiration: Diffusion

7. Platyhelminthes Examples
Turbellarians
Free-living marine or freshwater flatworms includes planaria)
Flukes
Parasitic flatworms that infect internal organs in the host
Pass from one host to the next
Tapeworms
Flat parasitic forms that live within the digestive tracks of their host.
Can grow up to 40 ft. long
Attach with hooks & suckers

8. Nematoda – Roundworms (24,773 known species)
General Description: Unsegmented worms with pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with a mouth & an anus.
Symmetry: Bilateral
Feeding: Carnivores or detritovores
Circulation: Diffusion
Excretion: Diffusion

9. Nematoda - Roundworms
Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords
Sensory organs that detect chemicals
Movement: Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move
Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males & females)
Internal Fertilization
Respiration: Diffusion

10. Roundworm Examples Trichinosis-Causing Worms Filarial Worms
Cause trichinosis
Live in intestines of host
Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue
Filarial Worms
Line in blood/lymph vessels
Transmitted through biting insects
Cause elephantitis
Ascarid Worms
Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables
Hookworms
Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and enter bloodstream
Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness

11. Phylum: Annelida (17,210 known species)
General Description: Segmented worms with a true coelem lined with mesoderm.
Symmetry: Bilateral
Feeding:
Filter feeders and carnivores
Earth worm: crop (storage) and gizzard (grinds food)
Circulation
Closed circulatory system (blood vessels & hearts)
2 main vessels – dorsal & ventral
Excretion
Solid waste through the anus
Fluid waste removed by nephridia (excretory organs)

12. Annelida Response: Movement: Nervous system – brain and nerve chords
Adaptations: sensory tentacles, chemical receptors and statyoysts (gravity)
Movement:
2 major groups of body muscles (alternately contract the 2)
Longitudinal Muscles
Contract to make worm shorter
Circular Muscles
Contract to make worm longer/thinner
Marine annelida have parapodia (paddlelike appendages)

13. Phylum: Annelida Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction Respiration:
External Fertilization
Some are hermaphrodites some have separate sexes
Clitellum forms protective cocoon over fertilized eggs
Respiration:
Aquatic – have gills
Nonaquatic – breathe through their skin
Cuticle – keeps skin moist so that respiration can occur

14. Phylum: Mollusca
General Description: Soft bodied animals with an internal or external shell
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body Plan
Foot - contains mouth
Mantle – tissue that covers the body like a cloak
Shell – glands in the mantle secrete calcium carbonate to make the shell.
Visceral mass – contains internal organs
Feeding:
Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritovores, or parasites.

15. Phylum: Mollusca (117,350 known species)
Circulation
Open or closed circulatory system
Excretion
Nephridia (remove ammonia from blood & release outside of the body)
Response
Clams/shelled mollusks – simple ganglia
Octupi – complex w/brain

16. Phylum: Mollusca Movement Reproduction Respiration Varies
Octupi – uses a siphon to propel themselves forward
Reproduction
Sexually – external fertilization or internal fertilization depending on the mollusk.
Respiration
Aquatic: Gils
Nonaquatic: diffusion through mantle cavity

17. Mollusca mollusca:15 Gastropods (Snails & Slugs)
Shell-less or single-shelled
Bivalves (Clams, Oysters, Mussels & Scallops)
2 shells held together by 1 or 2 powerful muscles
Cephalopods (Octopi, Squids and Nautiluses)
Soft bodied with a head attached to a single foot that is divided into tentacles or arms.

18. Phylum: Arthropoda (1,214,294 known species)
General Description:
Segmented body, tough exoskeleton & jointed appendages
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body Plan
Exoskeleton – tough external cover made of chitin
Jointed Appendages – structures that extend from the body such as legs and antennae
Feeding:
Herbivores, carnivores & omnivores
Mouthparts vary among species to eat specific foods

19. Phylum: Arthropoda Circulation Open circulatory system
Heart pumps blood through arteries that open up into the tissues
Excretion
Malpighian Tubules
Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood then add them to feces
Response
Well developed nervous system
All have brains
Most have sensory organs (eyes & taste receptors etc.)

20. Phylum: Arthropoda Movement
Use muscles controlled by nervous system to flex & extend
Reproduction
Terrestrial – internal fertilization
Aquatic – internal or external
Respiration
Terrestrial Arthropods
Tracheal Tubes – branching air filled tubes
Spiracles – small opening along the side of the body through which air enters
Spiders - Book Lungs – layers of respiratory tissue
Aquatic Arthropods - Gills

21. Arthropoda - Crustaceans
marine arthropods: 10
Arthropoda - Crustaceans
Crustaceans
Shell-less or single-shelled
Crabs, crayfish & barnacles

22. Arthropoda - Chelicerates
Scorpions
Spiders
Horseshoe Crab
Mites

23. Arthropoda - Uniramians
terrestrial arthropods
Arthropoda - Uniramians
Uniramians
Grasshopper
Centipede
Millipede
Butterfly
Bee

24. Phylum: Echinoderms (7,500 + known species)
General Description: Have “spiny skins” embedded with interlocking spines and plates of calcium carbonate
Symmetry: Begin life as bilateral larvae and develop into spiny-skinned, radial adults
Feeding: filter feeders, predators, or scavengers
Circulation: open circulatory system with cilia circulating the fluids through each arm.

25. Phylum Echinodermata Excretion: No specialized excretory organs
enchinoderma: 13
Phylum Echinodermata
Excretion: No specialized excretory organs
Response: Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts
any portion of a sea star with some of the central disc can regrow missing parts
Movement: water-vascular system for locomotion
Reproduction: Separate sexes with external fertilization
Respiration: gas exchange occur by diffusion across the tube feet