1. Ismail Sangkala, M.Pd. NIDN. 0921018703 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Rethinking CALL
Ismail Sangkala, M.Pd.
NIDN
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

2. Why do we need to rethink what we know?
Knowledge
Power
Confidence
We need to think critically.
We need to make wise decisions.

3. Main Issues Is the computer a must in language learning and teaching?
What is computer assisted language learning (CALL)?
What can teachers and learners do in using computers for language learning?
What knowledge or competence do language teachers need for CALL?

4. Issue 1: Is the computer a must in language learning and teaching?
Two fallacies (Bax, 2003)
“Omnipotence” fallacy
Computers can do everything and should replace current learning and teaching technologies.
“Sole Agent” fallacy
The key or only factor in successful implementation of the technology is the technology itself.

5. What Computers Can and Can’t Do
Judge predetermined right-or-wrong answers, e.g., multiple choice and fill in the blanks
Provide immediate, but fixed, feedback, suggestions, and encouragement
Provide authentic information through texts, pictures, sound, video segments, and animation
Motivate task persistence
Record learner’s writing, speech, and learning progress
   Computer CAN’T
Judge unexpected input
Provide feedback beyond a predetermined list of messages
Give feedback that address unexpected input; in other words, meaning
Engage learner in rich negotiation of meaning characteristic of face-to-face interaction
Motivate depth and quality of engagement characteristic of human interaction

6. Factors affecting CALL
Teacher
Learner
Context
How to
use it?
Objective
Material
Activity
Instructional Approach

7. How is the computer used?
Computer Roles
Tutor
(behaviorist)
Tool
(cognitive)
Medium
(sociocognitive)
CALL Contexts
One-computer classroom
Network computer lab
Self-access learning center
Distance learning

8. Issue 1: Is the computer a must in language learning and teaching?
Conclusion
No, but computers will become “normalized” in everyday practice, like a pen or a book (Bax,2003).
Computer technology has to be treated as an aid, but not a panacea.
The effectiveness of CALL cannot reside in the computer technology itself but in how it is put to use and for what purposes.

9. Issue 2: What is computer assisted language learning (CALL)?
Definition:
This term (Computer-assisted language learning - CALL) is widely used to refer to the area of technology and second language teaching and learning despite the fact that revisions for the term are suggested regularly (Chapelle, 2001, p. 3).
Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) may be defined as the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning (Levy, 1997, p.1).
Given the breadth of what may go on in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), a definition of CALL that accommodates its changing nature is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language (Beatty, 2003, p. 7).

10. Issue 2: What is computer assisted language learning (CALL)?
Types of CALL programs/materials:
CALL-specific software (CD-ROMs)
Generic software (e.g., word-processors - Word, presentation software - PowerPoint, and spreadsheet - Excel).
Web-based learning materials
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) programs (synchronous: online chat; asynchronous: and discussion forum)

11. Issue 2: What is computer assisted language learning (CALL)?
CALL activities:
multiple-choice & true/false quizzes
gap-filling exercise/cloze
matching
re-ordering/sequencing
crossword puzzles
games and simulations
writing & word-processing
concordancing 
web quests/searching
web publishing
Computer-mediated communication (synchronous and asynchronous)
Tutor
Tool or Medium

12. Issue 2: What is computer assisted language learning (CALL)?
Early CALL vs. Modern CALL
  Early CALL
  Modern CALL
Behaviorist approaches
individualized drills
programmed-learning
viewing language as discrete components
emphasizing the importance of control
giving extrinsic feedback
communicative and constructivist approaches
task-based, collaborative activities
providing alternatives to learners
viewing language as a whole
emphasizing the importance of guidance
giving both extrinsic and intrinsic feedback

13. CALL – Listening Skills
Issue 3: What can teachers and learners do in using computers for language learning?
CALL – Listening Skills
Randall's ESL Cyber Listening Lab
Adult Learning Activities - California Distance Learning Project
BBC Learning English: Watch and Listen
Voice of America - Special English

14. CALL – Speaking Skills My English Tutor
English Pronunciation (Okanagan University College, Canada)
Conversation Questions for the ESL & EFL Classroom
Top 100 American speeches in the 20th century
Reader’s theater (an example: “Many Moons”)

15. CALL – Reading Skills Learn to Read at Starfall Phonics and Word Study
Vocabulary for K-12 and ESL Kids
ESL games in EnglishClub.com
Mother Goose Rebus Rhymes
SurLaLune Fairy Tales
The Online Books Page (University of Pennsylvania)
English reading from EnlgishClub.com
Repeat after Us - Online Library and Language Lab
The Gold Scales of Tales, Poems and Wisdom

16. CALL – Writing Skills
ABC Letters, Writing, Words, Numbers, Shapes, & Colors
ESL Blues
Advice on Academic Writing
Purdue University's OWL (Online Writing Lab):
   a) Grammar/Writing Resources, Handouts and Exercises for ESL Students
   b) Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling

17. Web-Quests A WebQuest usually includes the following elements:
An introduction or scenario
A task that is meaningful and doable
A process for completing the task
Information resources to support the task
A conclusion that brings closure and evaluation
WebQuests facilitate cooperative learning, offer different kinds of resources, and provide a variety of ways to access and demonstrate knowledge.
Dr. Alice Christie's Matrix of 320 WebQuests
WebQuest Resource Bank (香港中文大學探索網站資源庫)

18. Concordancing
A concordancer is a computer program that allows users to search a collection of authentic texts (i.e. a corpus) for multiple examples of selected words or phrases.
Users can use a concordancer to find examples of authentic usage to demonstrate word collocations, word usage, or even the structure of a text.
Examples:
國立清華大學 CANDLE Project - TOTALrecall, VN Collocation (TANGO), and Collocation Checker
淡江大學 Collocation Explorer
VLC‘s Web Concordancer 香港理工大學
Google

19. CMC Activities Synchronous ESL Cafe's Chat Central
ESL Chat Room in EnglishClub.com
Chat Room in Englishbaby.com
VLC Chat Rooms (Hong Kong)
Asynchronous
Dave's ESL Cafe:
  1) Student Discussion Forums, and 2) Teacher Discussion Forums
EnglishClub.com ESL Forums
BBC Learning English – Communicate
Nicenet.org

20. Issue 3: What can teachers and learners do in using computers for language learning?
Recap
Remember what computers can do is to present information with multimedia and to provide predetermined feedback.
There are four features that need to be considered for the CALL activities: accessibility, interactivity, renewability, and adaptability.
Pedagogy first and technology second. Pedagogical Interactivity is more important than computer Interactivity.

21. Issue 4: What knowledge/competence do language teachers need for CALL?
Electronic literacy (Shetzer & Warschauer, 2000)
Communication:
how to express and interpret meaning in the computer-mediated communication environment
Construction:
how to write 1) from essay to hypertext, 2) from words to multimedia, and 3) from author to co-constructor
Research:
how to navigate Web sources, search for information, and evaluate and interpret the found information

22. Issue 4: What knowledge/competence do language teachers need for CALL?
Content Knowledge + Electronic Literacy
Second Language Acquisition
TESOL Methods
CALL
Tool Literacies
computer literacy
network literacy
technology literacy
Literacies of Representation
information literacy
media literacy
Visual literacy
Communication

23. Conclusion ~ From Alice's Adventures In Wonderland (p.1)
“What is the use of a book,” thought Alice, “without pictures or conversation?”
           ~ From Alice's Adventures In Wonderland (p.1)
Technology is neither an unalloyed blessing nor an unmitigated curse.
Computers don’t teach, but teachers do.
Learners don’t learn from machines but from human beings.

24. Contact Information 陳其芬 國立高雄第一科技大學 應用英語系副教授 教學網站: Phone: ext 5118
“If knowledge is worth having,
it is worth sharing.” ~ Deborah Cameron