1. Section 9: Energy and Our World
Ch.10 Energy
Section 9: Energy and Our World

2. Energy and Our World
Most of the energy produced comes from fossil fuels
New alternatives: solar, wind, hydropower, nuclear, biomass, hydrogen

3. Fossil Fuels Def: decaying organic material
Mostly from plants and ancient aquatic animals (yes, dinosaurs too)
Ex: Petroleum (gasoline), Natural gas (cooking/heating), Coal (electricity production)

4. Petroleum
Thick, dark liquid composed of various lengths of hydrocarbon chains
Chains from 5-25 carbons long
First oil well: 1859 in Pennsylvania
First reason to drill: Kerosene (lamps) as a replacement for animal fats and whale oil

5. Petroleum
Found to have many useful parts based on their length of their carbon chain
Gasoline: C5-C10
Kerosene:C10-C18
Jet Fuel: C15-C25
Asphalt: C25-greater

6. Petroleum Different parts separated by Fractional Distillation
Def: using different boiling points to extract substances according to their molecular structure
Smaller structure=lower boiling point
To get kerosene you need to extract gasoline first (see previous slide info).

7. Petroleum Another method of extraction is Cracking
Def: breaking of carbon chains into smaller parts to “make” new substances
Ex: Kerosene heated to 700oC will break into gasoline
This allows for two different methods of refining gasoline

8. Petroleum
Problems arose from using different methods of producing gasoline
Not all molecules would be the same length, sometimes there would be an uneven distribution of gasoline in the product.
Uneven distribution lead to knocking in the engine of a car.
Solution: additive tetraethyl lead: (C2H5)Pb

9. Petroleum
Leaded gasoline in 1960’s had as much as 3g of lead in one gallon
Many environmental issues (lead is a neurotoxin)
Now all gas is unleaded which has meant a more extensive refining process to ensure even distribution of gasoline

10. Coal Made from plants buried millions of years ago
Over time cellulose (CH2O)x combines together to make deposits of coal
Older the coal=more carbon atoms bonded together =more energy produced

11. Coal 4 types Lignite: 71%C : 23%O Subbituminous: 77%C : 16%O
Anthracite: 92%C: 3%O
* Contains the most sulfur (5%)

12. Coal Downfalls Expensive Dangerous to mine (deep underground)
Strip mining; remove valuable top soil and scenic sites
Produces high levels of greenhouse gases (CO2,etc.) and sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) which produces acid rain

13. CO2 and the Environment
Radiant energy from the sun (70%) passes through our atmosphere
This energy is used in photosynthesis in plants, oceans for evaporation, and to heat the surface of the Earth
The energy that hits the surface is then radiated back into the atmosphere in the form of infrared radiation
CO2 and H2O in the atmosphere reflect this infrared radiation

14. Greenhouse Effect
The reflection of infrared radiation causes an increase in surface temperature
This is much like the glass in a greenhouse trapping in heat to keep plants warm
In the last 100 years carbon dioxide levels have increased 20%
Over the next 100 years this could relate to an increase of 100C (500F) world wide

15. Future?? What alternative fuels could we use?
How much are we willing to change our lifestyles?
Does this even matter?

16. Sources of Energy Video
List 6 sources of energy production
List 10 main objectives/sources of learning
Provide 3 questions to further your learning
Sources of Energy Video