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World war II AMSCO Chapter 27.

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1 World war II AMSCO Chapter 27

2 Path to war Axis Powers Military pact with Italy, the Rome Berlin Axis, similar ideologies and economic interest Military allice with Japan based on distrust of communism, Anti-Comintern Pact

3 Path to war The Conflict over Poland
Hitler wanted the Polish port of Danzig Britain said no more appeasement if Poland gets invaded; will protect Poland Hitler signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact- Soviet and Germany would not attack one another Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 Britain declared war on Germany WWII starts

4 Japan and imperialistic policies
Japan began with an invasion of Manchuria in 1931 claiming that Chinese forces had attacked one of their railways near Mukden (Mukden Incident) League of Nations condemned these actions, so Japan left the League of Nations and went on to go into Manchuria. In China, the Nationalist joined forces with the Communist to prevent Japan from expanding. However, this did not work. In July 1937 after months of fighting in battles, Japan took control of Nanjing (the Nationalist capital) and gained territory. Nanjing Massacre/Rape of Nanjing- six week long incident of Japanese soldiers killing and raping Chinese citizens in the city of Nanjin

5 Japan and imperialistic policies
New Order in East Asia Wanted Southeast Asia but it was under Western Europe and US control Japan faced obstacles of economic sanctions by the US (US cut off trade such as oil and scrap iron) Japan planned to retaliate against the US

6 Germany’s early victories and challenges
Blitzkrieg- lighting war to take over Poland as quickly as possible Germany and Soviet Union partitioned Poland after the 4 week invasion Hitler then attacked and conquered Denmark and Norway by April 1940 then the Netherlands', Belgium and France. In France set up the Vichy government (Marshall Henri Petain ran the southern half of the country on Germanys behalf)

7 Germany’s early victories and challenges
British-American Relations Britain asked US for support but US said no, US was isolated HOWEVER…. 1940- Destroyers for Bases Agreement 1941- Lend Lease Act 1941- Atlantic Charter

8 Germany’s early victories and challenges
The Battle of Britain July Luftwaffe over Britain Started bombing military bases and then civilian cities (started hitting civilians after the British Royal Air force bombed Berlin) The only civilian location spared in Britain was the city were the University of Oxford was located because Hitler has respect for the tradition and learning at the various colleges in Oxford. May Hitler was forced to postpone the bombing because the British began using superior planes and radar systems

9 Germany’s early victories and challenges
War on the Soviet Union Hitler attacked the Soviet Union to eliminate Communism and to provide more living space for the German people. Aquired vast territory and took two million soviet soldiers prisoners Russian Winter Same thing that happened to Napoleon in 1812 Machines could not function properly, German soldiers freezing and starving to death, Germany supply lines were too long Battle of Leningrad A siege that lasted 3 years and lead to the deaths of million of Soviet men, women and children.

10 Japan overreaches Launched surprise attack on the US naval base of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. US declares war on Japan Japan responds by taking the Philippines, The Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, Burma, and numerous Pacific Islands (they said this was “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” that they would liberate these places from Western Imperialism) Japan thought that this would make the US find ways to negotiate a settlement but NOPE…the US was now no longer isolated, American citizens wanted retaliation!! Britain and China joined the US against Japan Then, (because of alliances) Hitler declared war against the US.

11 Japan overreaches https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bn20oXFrxxg&t=90s
Colonial Armies Western colonies armies began to join the Allies in the war effort Example- Indian Army Home Fronts US Mobilized all their resources including civilian population (put people to work, especially women in factories and also enlistment of men in the armed forces) Industrial sectors for war effort- ships, tanks, planes, landing craft, radar equipment, guns and ammunition Government Planning Germany Relied on forced labor (through prisoners of war) Japan Optimistic of the war Did not utilize women Removed children from cities being bombed Rationed food

12 The Tide turns in Europe
Allies: US, Great Britain, Soviet Union Agree that Axis should surrender unconditionally Early 1942, Allies struggled in Europe and North Africa Germany had control of Egypt and were threating to take Alexandria and Soviet Crimea Mid 1942, Allies succeeded Defeat of Germany at the Battle of El Alamein and at the Battle of Stalingrad Even though Germany still controlled most of Europe, it was losing momentum

13 The tide turns in the pacific theater
1942 May- Allied victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea when the US stopped a Japanese invasion of Australia June- Allied victory at the Battle of Midway Island 1943 Allied offensive on the island of Guadalcanal Douglas MacArthur (General for the Pacific Theater) Island Hopping- strategy to hit those islands where Japan was weak and skip those that Japan was strong- helped get closer to Japan Technology Aircraft carriers Submarines

14 The last years of the war
1943 Allies gain control of Sicily leading to the fall of Mussolini Largest tank battle of the war, Battle of Kursk 1944 Allies recaptured Rome June 6, D Day- a day when allied forces numbering about 150,000 launched a land, air and sea invasion on the beaches of Normandy in northern France. Paris liberated in August 1944 Battle of the Bulge Fought in Ardennes Forest located across France, Belgium and Luxembourg. Allies won, Germany had no way of winning the war but Hitler did not give up. Soviets progressed through the Ukraine and Baltic States 1945 Allied troops enter Germany in March, advancing towards Berlin Soviets took control of Warsaw (in Poland) then Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria Soviets advanced towards Berlin (trying to get there before the Allies)

15 The Last years of the war
Victory in Europe Hitler spent the last final days of the war hiding in a fortified underground shelter in Berlin where he married his long time girlfriend, Eva Braun April 30, Hitler and Eva commit suicide Early May, Germany surrenders May 8, VE Day (Victory in Europe Day)

16 Victory over japan Japan was not surrendering.
The united states had a decision to either do another “D-Day” invasion and run the risk of losing many Allied lives or use an atomic weapon. President Harry Truman (at this point, FRD had passed away) decided to drop an atomic weapon August 6, dropped atomic bomb over Hiroshima-over 100,000 civilian deaths August 9, dropped second atomic bomb over Nagasaki- over 40,000 civilian deaths August 14, Japan surrenders September 2, VJ Day (victory over Japan)

17 Casualties of war The Nazis
Heinrich Himmler- leader of the Nazi special police, the SS oversaw removal and extermination of groups Gypsies, political opponents, homosexuals, Jews Jews were the largest exterminated group – The Holocaust Started with moving them from their homes to ghettos From ghettos were moved into killing fields Final Solution – use of gas chambers in death camps (ex- Auschwitz) 6 million Jews

18 Casualties of war The Japanese
Asia for Asiatics- forced people they conquered into labor programs Food shortage, harsh conditions 1 million died in Vietnam alone

19 Casualties of war The Allies Firebombing Atomic Bombs
Thousands of deaths in Hamburg and Dresden in Germany Atomic Bombs Over 100,000 Japanese people killed Destruction Fear of Nuclear War

20 The big three and a new world order
Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union Met in conferences in order to discuss strategies for shaping the world after the war ended Tehran Conference (1943) Soviet Union would focus on freeing Eastern Europe, while Britain and the United States concentrated on Western Europe. Britain and US agreed to a Soviet demand to shift some Polish territory to the Soviet Union Yalta Conference (1945) Stalin distrusted the allies Stalin demanded Communist influence over the countries in Eastern Europe Stalin wanted Japanese territory The only thing in agreeance was to make an international organization for peace- The United Nations Potsdam Conference (1945) Demand for the territories Stalin controlled to have free elections- Stalin refused. This disagreement will eventually begin the Cold War.


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