1. Unequal Family Income and Unequal Opportunity for Higher Education
Intro
Unequal Family Income and
Unequal Opportunity for Higher Education
Duluth Superior Area Community Foundation
Lake Superior College
Duluth, MN
July 16, 2018
Tom Mortenson
Senior Scholar,
The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education
Higher Education Policy Analyst,
Postsecondary Education OPPORTUNITY

3. The Changing Policy Environment for Higher Education Opportunity for Families
1973: Growing importance of higher education
1980: State defunding of public higher education
1981: Increasing public institution tuition and fee rates
~1994: Federal policy shift from grants to loans
1995: State financial aid shift from need-based grants toward merit-based scholarships
1999: Federal shift to tax credits
2000: Median family income for families with 18 to 24 year olds peaks and begins sharp decline
2003: Declining international ranking in production of college graduates

9. The Education Pipeline
High school graduation
College continuation for high school graduates
College participation
Estimated bachelor’s degree completion by age 24
Estimate bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24

24. Influences on Opportunity for Higher Education
Social and cultural capital
Financial barriers:
Unmet financial need
Student work-loan burden
Net price to family
Net price tax rate
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

32. Financial Need Analysis Model
Cost of Attendance
Tuition and fees
Room and board
Books and supplies
Personal and medical care
Transportation
Less: Expected family contribution
Income and assets
Family size
Number of children enrolled in college
Equals: Financial need
Gift aid: grants, scholarships, waivers
Earnings from work/study
Education loans: subsidized/unsubsidized Stafford, PLUS
Federal tax credits

61. Tertiary Type-A Degree Attain 25-34 yr olds OECD 200361

64. Restoring College Affordability
Federal
$13,000 Pell Grant maximum award
$2,000 Super Pell to fund negative EFC calculated from FAFSA
Universal income contingent education loan repayment
Universal college work-study for all students
States
Require 50:50 match to federal Pell Grant
Institutions
Continued eligibility for Title IV participation contingent on progress toward broadening enrollment of students from low income families

65. Contact Information:
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Final