1. LET REVIEW PHILIPPINE AND WORLD LITERATURE

2. WHAT IS LITERATURE?
It is defined as written works which deal with themes of permanent and universal interest, characterized by creativeness and grace of expressions such as poetry, fiction, essay, and etc.

3. THEORIES OF LITERATURE
IT IS INITIATIVE. It is believed in the study of literary background that writers follow the examples of other authors before they arrive at their own original works.
IT IS REPRESENTATIVE. Any literary work is a substitute for reality.
IT IS APPRECIATIVE. Literature gives us bigger view of life.
IT IS SYMBOLIC. Literature is scattered in other meanings.

4. LITERARY STANDARDS PERMANENCE ARTISTRY INTELLECTUAL BEAUTY
UNIVERSALITY
SUGGESTIVENESS
STYLE
SPIRITUAL VALUE
ARTISTRY – a quality which appeals to our sense of beauty.
INTELLECTUAL BEAUTY – literary pieces must stimulate thought.
SUGGESTIVENESS – makes us feel deeply and stir our feelings and imagination
SPIRITUAL VALUE – elevate the spirit by bringing out moral values
PERMANENCE – endures and can be read again
UNIVERSALITY – timeless, timely – it appeals to everyone
STYLE – writer sees life, forms his ideas and expresses them.

5. Classifications of Literature
PROSE. Speech or writing without metrical structure.
MELODRAMA. Originally, a drama with a romantic story of or plot, sensational incidents, and usually including some music and song.
POETRY. The art by which a poet projects feeling and experience on an imaginative plane, in rhythmical words, to stir the imagination and the emotions.
EPIC. A poem or other literary work usually with a happy ending.
TRAGEDY. A form of drama in which the protagonist, having some quality of greatness, comes to disaster through some flaw in him brings about his inevitable downfall or death, the action being managed in a way to produce pity and fear in the spectator and to effect a catharsis of these feelings.
NARRATIVE. An orderly, continuous account of an event or series of event
DRAMATIC. Of, connected with, or like the drama; expecially involving conflict.
LYRIC. Characterizing verse expressing the poet’s personal emotions or sentiments.
PLAY. A dramatic composition, also a dramatic representation, especially a public theatrical exhibition.

6. Classifications of Literature
ODE. In classical prosody, a lyric poem intended is to be sung or chanted composed of an octave and a sestet properly expressing two successive phases of a single thought or sentiment.
NOVEL. A fictional prose narrative of considerable length, representing characters and events as if in real life by a plot or scheme.
ELEGY. In funeral song, a meditative poem with a sorrowful theme.
FOLKTALES. Explain ancient people’s origins, cultures, their beliefs and traditions.
SONG. The rendering of vocal music; a musical composition for the voice or several voices.
LEGENDS. Pure narratives which tell of the origin of a place, a person, or object.
MYTHS. Sacred narratives which explain how the world and men came to be in the present form.
EXPOSITORY. Converying, containing, or pertaining to exposition.
SHORT STORY. A type of prose fiction differing from the novel especially in the matter of length.

7. news report, speech, editorial, history
LITERATURE
UTILITARIAN
Relating to utility; especially, placing utility above beauty or the amenities of life
CREATIVE
PROSE
POETRY
news report, speech, editorial, history

8. Speech or writing without metrical structure
PROSE
Speech or writing without metrical structure
expository
narrative
dramatic
LETTER
SHORT STORY
PLAY
ESSAY
NOVEL
MELODRAMA
BIJOURNAL
COMEDY
TRAGEDY

9. PLAY
PERFORMING ARTS
stage
movies
television

10. MELODRAMA
LYRIC
simple lyric
song
elegy
ode
sonnet

11. ORAL TRADITIONAL
FOLKTALES
LEGENDS
MYTHS

12. GREEK MYTHOLOGY

13. GREEK MYTHOLOGY
All Greek mythological gods and goddesses were made out of their own image, and although they are believed to control the lives of human beings, they weren’t supreme, almighty beings. Instead, they had human flaws. These gods and goddesses were immortal, didn’t get old or sick and had eternal youth. They had human desires and needs, such as hunger and thirst, which they quenched with ambrosia or nectar. The gods lived in Olympus, a 6,000-foot, steep mountain always covered in clouds.

14. GREEK MYTHOLOGY
All lives are subordinate to the three Parcae (goddesses) called moira (destiny).
Clotho (the spinner) – she starts spinning the thread of life with the start of each new life.
Lachesis (the divider) – she manipulates destiny, changes the lives of everyone.
Anthropos (the inevitable) – she cuts the thread of life when the time comes.

15. GODS AND GODDESSES

16. ZEUS
The lord of heaven and earth, the father of gods and humans. He is known to be the most powerful of the immortal Olympian gods. When he emerged triumphant among his brothers and sisters in the wars of the Titans and the Giants, he acquired respect and admiration among the gods.

17. HERA
The patron goddess of the family and married women. She is the worthy spouse of Zeus. She intervenes in many of the myths (as she did in the Trojan war). She punishes infidelity and takes fierce revenge on her husband’s paramours.

18. ATHENA
The goddess of wisdom. She is the fruit of Zeus’ union with Metis. She sprang out of the head of Zeus. It was then told that her wisdom and bravery rivaled those of her father. She helped heroes such as Perseus, Achilles and Odyssues.

19. POSEIDON
God of the sea. In the Iliad, he takes the Greeks’ side while he persecutes Odysseus in the Odyssey, especially after the incident in which Odysseus blinds the god’s son, the cyclops Polyphemus. He has the power to control the sea

20. POSEIDON
God of the sea. In the Iliad, he takes the Greeks’ side while he persecutes Odysseus in the Odyssey, especially after the incident in which Odysseus blinds the god’s son, the cyclops Polyphemus. He has the power to control the sea

21. CERES
The goddess of agriculture. She is the goddess of fertility, a mother – deity associated with the earth who protected and cultivated the soil. She is also the goddess of the birth of the world. All the flowers, fruits, and other living things were gifts of ceres.

22. APOLLO
The god of light, music and prophecy. He is the son of the union of Leto and Zeus. A handsome and well-made god, he is engaging and has affairs with different nymphs. He is also considered a god of war with his special skill in shooting arrows over great distance.

23. ARTEMIS
The goddess of the moon and the hunt. She is the sister of Apollo also born from Leto. She is also identified with the power of light not by the sun but by the moon. She dwells in the forest, protecting the hunters and the innocent though she is also a vengeful deity to those who show her disrespect.

24. ARTEMIS
The goddess of the moon and the hunt. She is the sister of Apollo also born from Leto. She is also identified with the power of light not by the sun but by the moon. She dwells in the forest, protecting the hunters and the innocent though she is also a vengeful deity to those who show her disrespect.

25. HERMES
The god of commerce and messenger of the gods and bearer of dead souls. He is also considered as the god of theft and served as the heralds of the gods. There are wings on his helmet and his heels and he bears a scepter. Apart from his task of bringing messages from Zeus, he is also entrusted with escorting souls to Hades.

26. APHRODITE
The goddess of love and beauty. She is the patron of love and lovers, and her favorite past time is to cause gods and goddesses to fall in love with mortals. She has affairs sde from her husband Hephaestus. She has several illicit affairs with Ares, Adonis, Anachyses, etc. Eros (Cupid) is her child with Ares together with Deimos (terror), Phobus (fear), and Harmony

27. ARES
The god of war. He is always shown in armor and wearing a helmet, ready for battle. Wherever there is blood-shed, combat and war, Ares is to be found.

28. HEPHAESTUS
The god of fire and art. He made jewelry and other works of art. It was he who made the armor of Achilles used in the Trojan war. He was also considered as the ugliest among the gods, though he was always found in the company of beautiful women, including Clare (beauty personified) and Aglaea, the younger of the three graces.

29. HESTIA
The goddess of family peace. She is the personification of the home. She is the sister of Zeus and she requested to remain a virgin despite the fact that Poseidon and Apollo wanted her as wife. The serenity of her life confined her to the world of ideas and she played very little part in different events.

30. E A S T W O D G J L P N C F R I X H Q M K U V B Y Z
Goddess of Love and Beauty
Goddess of Family Peace
The God of War
The Lord of the Heavens and the earth, the father of Gods and humans
The goddess of wisdom
The god of fire and art
The god of light, music, and prophecy
The goddess of agriculture
The god of the sea
The god of commerce and messenger of gods
The goddess of the moon and the hunt.
The patron goddess of the family and married woman.

31. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

32. REGION 1 Nalpay a Namnama (Leona Florentino)
Bagong Pag-asa (Isagani R. Cruz)
Pamulinawen (Traditional)
My Father Goes to Court (Carlos Bulosan)
Graduation (F. Sionil Jose)

33. REGION 2
Nu Nunuk Du Tukun

34. CAR Hudhud di Aliguyon: An Ifugao Harvest Song The Kalinga Ullalim
The Magic Birth of Banna

35. REGION 3 Y Miss Phathupats (Juan Crisostomo Soto) The Kalinga Ulalim
The Magic Birth of Banna

36. Y Miss Phathupats (Juan Crisostomo Soto)
REGION 3
Y Miss Phathupats (Juan Crisostomo Soto)

37. Makamisa (Jose P. Rizal)
REGION 4
Makamisa (Jose P. Rizal)

38. REGION 5 Poetry: To the Man I Married (A.M. Gloria)
Querida (A. Gloria)
Revolt from Hymen (A. Gloria)
In Defense of Poets (A. Gloria)
Folktale: The Ignorant Poor Man and the Priest
Himala (excerpts from the movie Script by R. Lee)

39. Ang Aklasan (Amado V. Hernandez) Magnificence (Estrella Alfon)
NCR
Ang Aklasan (Amado V. Hernandez)
Magnificence (Estrella Alfon)

40. The Epic of Labaw Donggon
Region 6
The Epic of Labaw Donggon

41. Bonsai (Edith Tiempo) Letter to Pedro (Rene Amper)
Region 7
Bonsai (Edith Tiempo)
Letter to Pedro (Rene Amper)

42. Region 8 Baga Durogas Ngan Baga Tinuod (I. Lucente) Waray Sapayan
Guinkasal Hin “Casa Miento”

43. The White Horse of Alth (E.A. Enriquez)
Region 9
The White Horse of Alth (E.A. Enriquez)

44. Pilandok Crosses a River Panlibay Hu Bata 1 and 2 Oyayi 1 and 2
Region 10
Pilandok Crosses a River
Panlibay Hu Bata 1 and 2
Oyayi 1 and 2

45. ARMM The Quarrel Between the East and the West Bachelors
Twin Adventures of Kudarat and Sulaiman

46. Region 12 and 13 (CARAGA) North Cotabato: Myth and Legend
Legend of the Rio Grande in North Cotabato
Twas Brillig (Leoncio P. Deriada)
Ako’y Nanaginip (Joey Ayala)
Tala ng Buhay
Susa
Paalam Na
Bituin sa Lupa
Malayang Ani
Ilog
Magkabilaan ang Mundo