1. Kuiper and Allan Chapter 8.1.1
Heads and complements
Kuiper and Allan Chapter 8.1.1

2. What are complements in general?
Complements include:
objects
direct
indirect
intensive complements
They are required by the head to complete its meaning.

3. Subcategories of heads
Heads of phrase belong to subcategories on the basis of the kind of complements they take.
Transitive verbs take objects.
massage
Intransitive verbs do not.
sleep
Some verbs take double objects.
buy

4. Verbs subcategorize for complementizers
Data
Max understood that Joanna had driven his sportscar.
*Max understood whether Joanna had driven his sportcar.
*Max didn't understand whether Joanna had driven his sportscar.
Max didn't know whether Joanna had driven his sportscar.

5. Complementizers subcategorize for the tense of their complement clause
Data
The committee intended for John to come.
The committee intended that John might come.
*The committee intended that John to come.
*The committee intended for John might come.

6. Finite and non-finite clauses
Finite clauses are tensed, e.g. the contain either a modal auxiliary or past or present tense forms.
Non-finite clauses do not contain either a modal or past or present tense forms.
Non-finite clauses often have to in the place of tense.

7. Representing the structure of non-finite verb phrasesVP
LexV to
swim