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Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 相对论重离子碰撞

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Presentation on theme: "Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 相对论重离子碰撞"— Presentation transcript:

1 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 相对论重离子碰撞
中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 相对论重离子碰撞 王福强 湖州师范学院

2 What is relativistic heavy ion collision?
Artist’s view of heavy ion collision Gold Many (∞) body physics Condensed matter physics Mean field approaches High energy physics Proton-proton collisions Exclusive physics processes Gold Physics is known Complication from ∞ Physics often unknown Clean environment High energy nucleus-nucleus collision Exclusive physics processes Physics often unknown Many-body (but not ∞) physics Nuclear matter Complication from many-body 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

3 Why relativistic heavy ion collision?
Phase diagram: how matter organizes itself at given degrees of freedom, e.g. water. QCD under extreme condition Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) 1012K x5 The QCD phase diagram: structure of matter with quark and gluon (color) degrees of freedom. 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

4 Quantum ChromoDynamics
Complex to calculate: Lattice QCD QCD-guided, driven by experiment Long distance Short distance pQCD Asymptotic freedom confinement QCD: the basic theory for strong interaction, DOF well defined at short distances. Little is known about the dynamical structures of matter, e.g. confinement, nucleon spin, QCD phase structure, strong coupling – QCD at long distances: QCD Matter. 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

5 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 -- 2016年8月22-16日
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY PHOBOS BRAHMS RHIC PHENIX STAR - RHIC: high-energy heavy-ion collider (i) Dedicated QCD collider (ii) √sNN = GeV (iii) p, d, Cu, Au, U AGS v = c = 186,000 miles/sec Au + Au at 200 GeV TANDEMS 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

6 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 -- 2016年8月22-16日
Large Hadron Collider - LHC: high-energy particle/heavy-ion collider √sNN  5000 GeV ~25x of RHIC (ii) p, Pb LHCb ATLAS ALICE CMS LHC 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

7 Study QCD by heavy-ion collisions
Outline for the rest of the talk Hard processes, short distance, rare probes Soft processes, long distance, bulk particles Phase boundary, critical point search One of the challenges is to infer the earlier state QGP through final state hadrons 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

8 Nuclear modification factor
small 𝑅 𝐴𝐴 Interact with QGP, and changed by QGP Compare to pp/pQCD leading to knowledge about QGP Nuclear modification factor: large 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

9 Hadron and (b)jet RAA Charged Particles Anti-kT R=0.3 Jets
Ncoll scaling works No flavor/mass dependence at high pT x2 suppression Flavor/mass dependence seen at low pT CMS: EPJC 72 (2012) 1945 , HIN , PRL 113 (2014) , PLB 715 (2012) 66, JHEP 03 (2015) 022, PLB 710 (2012) 256 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

10 Dijet imbalance @LHC Many theoretical ideas such as
pp Large 𝐴 𝐽 In-cone Out-of-cone RPC 84, (2011) PRC 84, (2011) PLB 712, 176 (2012) Larger fraction of asymmetric dijet events in central PbPb Many theoretical ideas such as Jet collimation, decoherence, hydro, turbulence cascade, third jet, etc. Further development of jet analysis Detailed angular distribution of the quenched energy flow and jet shape 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

11 Dijet Anti-kT R=0.4, pTLead>20 GeV & pTSubLead>10 GeV with pTcut>2 GeV/c Sys. Uncertainties: - tracking eff. 6% - tower energy scale 2% Event Fraction p-value < 10-4 (stat. error only) Central Au+Au anti-kT, R=0.4 p-value = 0.8 (stat. error only) Preliminary Au+Au di-jets more imbalanced than p+p for pTcut>2 GeV/c Au+Au AJ ~ p+p AJ for matched di-jets (R=0.4) |AJ| “Lost” energy seems contained within R=0.4 and low pT Imbalance remains for smaller cone or higher constituent cutoff  Observed Broadening and Softening jet-by-jet 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

12 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 -- 2016年8月22-16日
Quarkonia melting Centrality dependent suppression Sequential melting: RAA Υ 1s > RAA Υ 2s > RAA Υ 3s No significant dependence on pT 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

13 Soft probes: collective phenomena
coordinate-space-anisotropy  momentum-space-anisotropy Pressure gradient 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

14 Elliptic flow measurements
RHIC 4v2  Small value of specific viscosity over entropy η/s Model: Song et al. arXiv: 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

15 RHIC Scientists Serve Up "Perfect" Liquid
BNL press release 2005 RHIC Scientists Serve Up "Perfect" Liquid New state of matter more remarkable than predicted -- raising many new questions Infinite viscosity Very low viscosity η/s ≈ (1-2)/4π Viscosity quantum limit: RHIC results 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

16 Number of Constituent Quark Scaling
It is the constituent quarks that are flowing 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

17 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 -- 2016年8月22-16日
Heavy quarks flow! Heavy quarks produced early by hard scattering Heavy, does not easily flow, not easily thermalized not fully thermalized? Even heavy quarks flow and nearly thermalized; light quarks must have been thermalized. 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

18 But there may be problems…
proton LEAD Yeah…pPb, even pp creates a QGP! Maybe we need to rethink about the whole paradigm… 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

19 Phase boundary and critical point
Extend RHIC Au+Au measurements down toward SPS energy, search for possible indicators of a rapid transition in measured properties. Chemical freezeout Beam Energy Scan Phase I ( ) NSAC LRP 2007: 2010: 2014: 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

20 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 -- 2016年8月22-16日
Chemical Freeze-out Statistical hadronization Chemical freezeout Lattice QCD Chemical freezeout ≈? hadronization transition 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

21 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 -- 2016年8月22-16日
High order moments Susceptibility ratios of conserved quantities related to the moments of multiplicity distributions Comparing first principal Lattice calculations with measured moments of conserved quantities, e.g. net-baryon → extract the chemical freeze out parameters T and μB Lattice QCD Experiment HotQCD, PRL109, (2012) WB Group, PRL111, (2013) Look for critical behavior 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

22 Search for CP via net-proton moments
σ2/M increases with increasing energy, consistent with Poisson expectation Sσ/Skellam increases with increasing energy Non-monotonic behavior of net-proton κσ2 seen in top 5% central collisions 5-10% central collisions in between → however: smooth trend in centrality Peripheral collisions show smooth trend Detailed extensive studies have been carried out and are still in progress UrQMD (no Critical Point), shows suppression at lower energies - due to baryon number conservation 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

23 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 -- 2016年8月22-16日
Summary Relativistic heavy ion physics is a rich and vibrant field. QCD in matter under extremis. The QCD matter is opaque to hard probes The QCD matter is fluid/perfect/explosive, but small systems pose challenges Beam energy scan phase-I searching for the critical point. Phase-II in near future. 中国物理学会高能物理分会第十二届全国粒子物理学术会议 -- 合肥 年8月22-16日 王福强

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