1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming
CSC Computer Programming -1-
Dr. Nouf Aljaffan
(C) 2017 Nouf Aljaffan

2. Outline The course objectives Advises to success The computer programs
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Outline
The course objectives
Advises to success
The computer programs
The C programming language
Stages in Program Development Process
(C) 2017 Nouf Aljaffan

3. To introduce computational thinking and problem solving skills to beginner students.
To develop an understanding of the nature of programming
To familiarize student with the basic of C programming language
Aims

4. Learning Outcomes You will be able to
Write small C programs (Structured programming) and proper programming techniques
Read and understand much larger programs
Learn the basics of new programming languages by yourself

5. The Means 01 02 03 04 05 06 Read a chapter ahead Attend lectures
Study the given chapter 03
Ask questions and get feedback 04
Get hands dirty (trial and Error) 05
Form study groups 06

6. Except for the work you hand in as individual contributions, we strongly encourage you to collaborate and help each other
Cooperate on Learning

7. GET HELP and SUPPORT
If in doubt if a collaboration is legitimate: ask!
Don’t claim to have written code that you copied from others
Don’t give anyone else your code (to hand in for a grade)
When you rely on the work of others, explicitly list all of your sources – i.e. give credit to those who did the work
Don’t study alone when you don’t have to
Do help each other (without plagiarizing)
Go to my office hours or/and send me an
Go prepared with questions
The only stupid questions are the ones you wanted to ask but did not

8. What a computer program is?

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Computer program is a set of instructions which are given to a computer to be able to perform specific tasks.
A specific task can be, for example, “printing a student grade”.
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10. Layers of Programming High-level language Assembly language
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Layers of Programming
High-level language
Similar to human language
Use mathematical notations (translated via compilers)
Assembly language
English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers)
Machine language
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
Machine dependent
Easier to use
High-level
Compiler
Assembler
More Powerful
Low-level
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11. Why C programming?

12. Why C ? You can’t learn to program without a programming language
Evolved by Ritchie from two previous programming languages, BCPL and B
Hardware independent (portable)
Programming concepts that you learn using C can be used fairly directly in other languages
Including C++, Java, C#, and (less directly) Fortran

13. Where is C Used? Used to develop UNIX
Used to write modern operating systems
Just about everywhere
Mars rovers, animation, graphics, Photoshop, GUI, OS, compilers, slides, chip design, chip manufacturing, semiconductor tools, etc.

14. The C Standard Library
C programs consist of pieces/modules called functions
A programmer can create his own functions
Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works
Disadvantage: time consuming
Programmers will often use the C library functions
Use these as building blocks
Avoid re-inventing the wheel
If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather than write your own
Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portable

15. Stages in Program Development Process
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1- Analysis of a problem
2- Create the algorithm
3- Compile the program
4- Execute the program
5- Testing and Debugging the Program
Stages in Program Development Process
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16. (1) Analysis of a problem
Human thoughts where it should be given a solution.

17. A- Defining the Problem
Read the problem statement carefully
Indicate the requirements
Indicate the inputs (look for nouns)
Indicate the output (look for nouns)
Indicate the instructions(look for verbs)

18. Calculate the Sum and Average of 5 numbers?
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Input
five numbers (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5)
Instruction
Sum = x1+x2+x3+x4+x5
Average = Sum/5
Output
Sum
Average
Example 1
Calculate the Sum and Average of 5 numbers?
(C) 2017 Nouf Aljaffan

19. Example 3 Read a word and capitalize the second letter word
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Example 3 Read a word and capitalize the second letter word
Input
Processing
Output
(C) 2017 Nouf Aljaffan

20. (2) Create the algorithm
Plan for solution and use basic statements and expression to develop the algorithm

21. Programming algorithm
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Programming algorithm
You can think the programming algorithm as a a recipe that describes the exact steps needed for computer to solve a problem or reach a goal.
You can think the programming algorithm as a recipe that describes the exact steps needed for computer to solve a problem or reach a goal
(C) 2017 Nouf Aljaffan

22. Programming algorithm
Ingredients
Inputs
Word for a recipe
Procedure
Output
Results

23. Programming algorithm has a start and an end
Programming algorithm is NOT a Computer CODE
Programming algorithm has a start and an end
Programming algorithm leads to a solution

24. B-Planning the Solution
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Pseudocode is a semi-programming language used to describe the steps in an algorithm.
Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm.
B-Planning the Solution
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25. Example: Write a Program to Print the Sum of two integer Numbers
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Example: Write a Program to Print the Sum of two integer Numbers
Start the program
Read the first number and save in the variable ( N1 )
Read the second number and save in the variable ( N2 )
Sum the both numbers and save the result in the variable ( Sum )  Sum = N1 + N2
Print the variable ( Sum )
End the program
start
Read N1
Read N2
Sum = N1 + N2
Print Sum
End
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26. (3) Compile the program
Generate the source code using any programming languages.
Then, compile the program.

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A-Coding the Program .C
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28. What is a Compiler
It is a software that checks the correctness of the source code according to the language rules.
If the code is free of errors:
The source code will be translated into machine code.
Create of an “object ” file
Else:
Syntax errors are raised if some rules were violated.

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Preprocessor
In C , a preprocessor program executes automatically before the compiler translation phase begin.
Preprocessor indicate that certain manipulations are to be performed on the program before compilation.
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30. (4) Execute the program
If the code is error free, the program can be executed to create the output

31. 4-Running The Program Linking Phase
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4-Running The Program
Linking Phase
Occurring before running the code
Linking the object code with the code for the missing functions to produce an executable image (with no missing pieces).
If the program compiles and links correctly, a file called a.out is produced.
Load Phase:
Before a program can be executed, the program must first be placed in memory.
The computer, under the control of its CPU, executes the program one instruction at a time
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32. Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment
Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment
Program is created in
the editor and stored
on disk.
Preprocessor program
processes the code.
Loader puts program in memory.
CPU takes each
instruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes.
Compiler creates object code and stores it on disk.
Linker links the object
code with the libraries
Loader
Primary Memory
Compiler
Editor
Preprocessor
Linker .
Disk
CPU
Phases of C++ Programs:
Edit
Preprocess
Compile
Link
Load
Execute

33. (5) Testing and Debugging the Program
To ensure there is no errors

34. 5-Testing and Debugging the Program
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5-Testing and Debugging the Program
Testing
Be sure that the output of the program conforms with the input.
There are three types of errors:
Syntax Errors (Compiler Error): occurs when the compiler cannot recognize a statement because it violates the rules of the language.
Logical Errors: The program run but provides wrong output.
Runtime errors: The program stop running suddenly when asking the OS executing a non accepted statement (divide by zero, etc).
Debugging
Find, Understand and correct the error
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35. Conclusion The course objectives The computer programs
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Conclusion
The course objectives
The computer programs
The C programming language
Stages in Program Development Process
(C) 2017 Nouf Aljaffan

36. Any Questions