1. Blood
Marie Černá

2. Blood The blood consists of
a suspension of special cells - formed elements
in a liquid called plasma
In an adult man:
the blood is about 1/12th of the body weight
and this corresponds to 5-6 liters

3. Hematocrit – relation (volume %) of erythrocytes (45 %) to full blood

4. Blood functions maintenance of homeostasis
osmotic pressure stability (0.15 mM NaCl)
pH = 7.4 (buffer system - HCO3-)
carries respiratory gases:
oxygen O2 to tissues (by the hemoglobin in red cell)
carbon dioxide CO2 from tissues (by the plasma
in the form of soluble carbonates HCO3-)
conveys nutrients (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids)
gathers waste products of metabolism which will be excreted through the renal filter
carries hormones, enzymes, vitamins, mineral salts
performs the defense of the organism
performs thermoregulation of the organism

5. Plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a typical yellowish color
can be obtained by centrifugation
cells free serum - clotted
plasma - unclotted due to adding anticoagulants
It consists of 90 % water and 10% dry matter:
9/10 is made up by organic substances
1/10 is made up by minerals
These organic substances are composed of
glucides (glucose)
lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, lecithin, fats)
proteins (globulins, albumins, fibrinogen)
glycoproteins, amino acids
hormones, vitamins, minerals
The mineral substances are dissolved in ionic form
that is dissociated into positive and negative ions

6. Plasma / Serum

7. Hematic cells Special cells erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes
are not considered real cells

8. Erythrocytes (red cells) providing oxygen in hemoglobin to tissues
/ mm3 = / l in female / mm3 = / l in male / mm3 = / l in newborn / mm3 = / l in sportsmen size 7,2 µm in diameter
In man and in all mammals:
they are devoid of a nucleus
In the other vertebrates:
they have a nucleus
the lack of nucleus allows more room for hemoglobin =>
the shape of a biconcave lens raises the surface and cytoplasm volume ratio.
=> more efficient the diffusion of oxygen
The mean life is about 120 days

9. Leucocytes (white cells) the defense of the organism
/ mm3 = / l
size ≥10 µm in diameter
granulocytes (presence of granules in the cytoplasm) 70%
granules have a different affinity towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colors.
neutrophils
eosinophils (or acidophils)
basophils
agranulocytes (lymphoid cells) 30%
lymphocytes (upper slide)
monocytes (lower slide)

10. Thrombocytes (platelets)
/ mm3 = / l
size 3µm in diameter
They gemmate from big leukocytes called megakaryocytes.
main function: hematostasis
to stop the loss of blood from wounds => they aggregate and release factors which promote the blood coagulation:
serotonin - vasoconstriction
fibrin - traps cells + forms clotting

11. Hematopoiesis regulation in red bone marrow ribs, vertebrae, breastbone, pelvis

12. Erythropoietin is converted from a plasma protein in the kidney
a negative-feedback mechanism
- is sensitive to the amont of O2 in the blood:
↓ O2 => ↑ erythropoietin
↑ O2 => ↓ erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
stimulates production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow

13. Blood clotting 1) Platelet adhesion 2) Platelet plug
3) Fibrin clot with trapped cells

14. Blood clotting

15. Blood clotting Hemophilia X-linked disease missing -
coagulation factor VIII
symptoms:
spontaneous bleeding
bleeding into organs (join, brain)

16. Literature Biology, eighth edition, Campbell, Reece
Unit seven: Animal Form and Function
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
Concept 42.4
Pages 911 – 915