1. Electrical Energy Supply System
Energy Sources
DSO, TSO and TDOs
Substations and User Premises
Note: The pictures of substations shown in this presentation are the property of POWER Engineers, Inc. courtesy of Ms. Ani Hyusein, copyright These may be reproduced but must not be altered or edited and copies must contain this acknowledgement.

2. Sources of Energy: Usage, Generators, etc.
Energy Source
Percent Use in 2017
Generator Type
Efficiency
Capital Investment
Comment:
Coal
34.1
CCGT
? Depends on gasification
N.A.
Use dropping rapidly in most countries, use expected to peak in China and India around uneconomic, high CO2 and polution
Natural Gas
25.6
Up to 58 %
$ 700 M per GW
In addition to high efficiency, CH4 produces twice the energy per pound of carbon because of H2 to water.
Nuclear
22.6
Steam T.
33%
Very high
Sensible source but unpopular. Fail-safe is possible. Very high costs becauser of underdevelopment.
Wind Turbines
6.3
Multipole PM
45%
Changing ask me later
Non-synchronous source; site sensitive.
Hydropower
7.4
Multipole Wound Magnet
90%
Limited Opportunity - High
Limited deployment sites; potentially catastrophic failure at poor sites
Photovoltaic
1.3
Silicon PD
% now; limit 30 % max; to date 27 %
Going Down
Non-synchronous source. Energy incident at full sun at sea level 1 kW per square meter. Practical yield 6 acres per MW in NE US.
All Else - biomass, oil, geothermal
0.87
? Probably 30 %
Efforts to use biomass may do more harm than good.
Fusion ?
Always the source of the future; still worth pursuing but no immediate utility.

3. The Whole System – In Principle:
Distribution
Substation
Sources:
Synchronous
Non- synchronous Sun and Wind
Transmission Substation
Home and Motor
Transmission (>70 kV) and Distribution System (< 70 kV)
TSO or DSO or TDOs are separate corporate entities from generation providers.

4. What Do Substations Look Like?

5. What Substations Do: Change Voltage Levels
Automatically Adjust Delivery Voltages (Local or Centralized Decisions)
Protect System from Shorts, Overloads, Load Dropout, Etc.
Provide Isolation for Maintenance
Control Reactive Power to Optimize Efficiency and Stabilize Renewable Sources
Integrate Multiple Sources Including Variable Ones
Change System Interconnect by Available Sources and Demand
Monitor and Control Power Flow (SCADA – System Control and Data Acquisition)

6. The Formidable Transformer:

7. The Wiring Diagram (Schematic or “one-line”):
115 kV Transmission I/O
Circuit Breaker
13.3 kV Distribution Out
Capacitor Bank (? Fixed)
115 kV to 13.3 kV transformer with tap changer
Manual Interconnect Switch for Isolation
Ring bus for 115 kV with disconnects to isolate faults, redirect flow, and aid maintenance
69 kV Distribution Out

8. What Customers Do: Pay for Service Be Efficient:
Reduce Demand by Efficiency of Use
Participate in Demand Control to Balance Available Sources in Systems with Renewable Penetration
Usually Industrial Customers with Sheddable Loads
Participate in Planning by Expressing Priorities
Someday Buy Electric Cars!??