1. AP Bio Ch. 5
Concept Check

2. 5.1 #1 Carbohydrate Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
Please keep in mind, lipids are not polymers

3. 5.1 #2 9 O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O
The above diagram says it all. The O’s represent monomers. The lines where we linked them. We would have to remove 9 water molecules to hook them up.

4. 5.1 #3
There are proteins in fish, but your body must break them down into monomers (amino acids) by hydrolysis and then absorb them. Your body can then make any protein it needs by building amino acid polymers by dehydration reactions.

5. 5.2 #1
C3H6O3

6. 5.2 #2
C12H22O11

7. 5.2 #3
Cows have bacteria living in their stomach to break down cellulose. If the antibiotics kill the bacteria, the cow will not obtain enough nutrients and energy and could possible die.

8. 5.3 #1 Fats have a glycerol head and fatty acid tails
Phospholipids have a glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group attached to it.

9. 5.3 #2 Human sex hormones are steroids
Steroids have a type of hydrophobic compound to them

10. 5.3 #3
It would probably be made of phospholipids. The hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipid could react with the oil molecules inside and the head would be to the outside.

11. 5.4 #1 The function of a protein is determined by its shape
Destroy a proteins shape and destroy its functional capability

12. 5.4 #2 Secondary structure is helix and sheet
Numerous H bonds would help stabilize these structures BETWEEN ATOMS OF THE POLYPEPTIDE BACKBONE
Tertiary structures involve complex folding
It is brought about by interactions BETWEEN THE SIDECHAIN GROUPS (R GROUPS)
Do not forget – H bonds , ionic bonds, disulfide bridge, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces all come into play with folding of the protein

13. 5.4 #3
Look them up. You will see these are all non polar amino acids. You should recognize all the CH
You would expect these to be inside, away from water
The outside is in contact with the aqueous environment

14. 5.5 #1

15. 5.5 #2 and #3

16. What is the fundamental differences between carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?
They are built from 3 different types of monomers
Carbs – monosaccharides
Proteins – amino acids
Nucleic acids - nucleotides

17. Compare starch and cellulose
Both are glucose polymers
Starch – storage
Cellulose – structure
Starch has alpha links
Cellulose has beta links
Humans cannot breakdown (hydrolyze) cellulose

18. Why aren’t lipids polymers or macromolecules?
Lipids are not polymers because they do not exist as chains of linked monomers
They do not reach “giant” size

19. Why are proteins diverse?
It is all about there shape
Made up of different combos of the 20 amino acids
They have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
The bonding pattern between atoms or sidechains in the polymer lead to complex 3 dimensional structures specific to their function

20. What is the role of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids?
The complementary base pairing arrangement of DNA makes replication precise
In RNA, base pairing leads to specific 3 dimensional shapes that provide diverse functions
messenger, transfer, ribosomal

21. The next section is……….
Test Your Understanding

22. #1 D
The most inclusive is polysaccharide. All of the others are in or a polysacharide.

23. #2 A
Look for things that will have alpha links. You should know by now cellulose has beta links, so any answer with cellulose would be wrong. It is either A or D. A review of chitin tells us they are similar to cellulose with beta links, so your answer is A

24. #3 B
Plants have oils. So unsaturated fats would be more common in plants.
Yes there is a double C bond.
Unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temp.
They contain less hydrogen bonds
They do not lose tails

25. #4 A
If you screw up something simple, it should be easy to fix. If you screw up the shape of something complex, it would be hard to fix. The least affected would be the simplest structure and that is primary.

26. #5 B The 2 DNA strands are held together by H bonds
Yes you would break the phosphodiester links. These are covalent bonds linking the nucleotides together.
C, D, and E say the same thing. You are not breaking the nucleotide connection, only the NB / sugar connection within the nucleotide.

27. #6 C 10 x 6C = 60 Carbons 10 x 12H = 120 Hydrogens
10 x 6O = 60 Oxygens
So you would think C60H120O60
You would be wrong. You have to take away water to link them up. Take out 9 X H2O molecules.
Subtract 18 Hydrogens and 9 Oxygens
C60H102O51

28. #7 D Purines hook up with pyramidines
The answers in b, c, and d are lying in parallel. You should know DNA is antiparallel. Put the second strand listed in reverse order to the first strand listed. That makes answer D the correct one.

29. #8

30. #9

31. #10
I would say no. The big degree of divergence would occur where the split occurred with the common ancestor. The book mentions the similarities of human blood to gorilla and frog blood. Even though they are obviously different animals, a lot of the protein sequence was similar. Therefore I would not expect all protein sequences to show the same degree of divergence.

32. #11
Do not do this question.

33. #12
Your opinion. Let me start the argument. So what if I took steroids. I still have to hit a 95 mph fastball!
Keep it short

34. #13
Keep it short
20 amino acids in different order leads to a lot of variation
Also, where they are binding would cause different complex 3 dimensional shapes to emerge
Different shape = different function
This is why there is so much variation