1. Spring 2019 Psychology 2 Final Exam Review

2. Motivation & Emotion Unit: Pages 342 – 367

3. What have researchers concluded is the most important part of the body in nonverbal communication?
Face

4. 2. What is a desire to perform a behavior to obtain a reward or avoid punishment known as? extrinsic motivation

5. What are our experience and expression of fear influenced by?
both biological and environmental factors
(nature & nurture)

6. People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from __________________.
anorexia nervosa

7. What is the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met are called?
motivation

8. 6. Donald believes all the teaching in the world will not change the fact that he is stupid and of below average intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Donald have? external locus of control

9. What is the principle of the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
performance is affected by levels of physical arousal

10. 8. What is the correct definition of emotion
8. What is the correct definition of emotion? The “feeling” aspect of consciousness characterized by physical arousal, behavior that expresses or reveals the emotion, and an inner awareness of feelings

11. 9. Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as _______________ in arousal theory. a sensation seeker

12. 10. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity _______________. for its own sake

13. 11. The U.S. Army’s slogan, “Be all that you can be” is implying which level of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy? self-actualization

14. 12. What percent of the population identifies itself with the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) community. 2 to 10

15. 13. An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called ________. bulimia

16. 14. Which hormone is linked with sexual desire in both sexes
14. Which hormone is linked with sexual desire in both sexes? testosterone

17. 15. Michael has trained very long hours in order to qualify for the Olympics in diving. He has sacrificed a great deal as he put his education on hold and spent a lot of time away from his two small children and wife. To Michael, qualifying for the Olympics is a(n) __________. incentive

18. 16. What is the direction of a person’s sexual attraction and affection for others is called? sexual orientation

19. 17. There is considerable debate about whether sexual orientation is a product of nature or nurture. What was the conclusion Alfred Kinsey came to about sexual orientation? He believed sexual orientation was on a continuum, with some on either extreme and others falling close to the middle.

20. 18. Richard has felt isolated and an “outsider” since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Richard may be attempting to meet the need of _______________. belonging

21. 19. Nikki weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life
19. Nikki weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed like whenever Nikki gained weight, it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Nikki? Her set point weight is 125, live with it.

22. 20. What is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called? homeostasis

23. Development and Learning Unit: Pages 140 – 205

24. 21. The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called_________. human development

25. 22. The end of a woman’s reproductive capability that is signaled by the cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called ______. menopause

26. 23. Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ______. object permanence

27. How would you describe the developmental concept of “stability or change?”
Stability indicates that human traits pretty much stay the same throughout one’s lifetime whereas
Change indicates that human traits evolve and modify over one’s lifetime.

28. 25. Brad is 18 and is looking into career options
25. Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development? identity versus role confusion

29. 26. Aaron is a middle-aged physician
26. Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing _________. generativity

30. 27. What theory of development is Jean Piaget is noted for
27. What theory of development is Jean Piaget is noted for? cognitive development

31. 28. What is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations

32. 29. What term is used to describe a child’s inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes except his or her own? egocentrism

33. 30. ________refers to the influence of genetic characteristics and __________ refers to environmental influences. Nature; nurture

34. 31. The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called_________. attachment

35. 32. Provide an example of nature affecting development
32. Provide an example of nature affecting development. an inherited mental illness

36. What is the difference between an authoritarian parent and an authoritative parent?
authoritarian: my way or highway
authoritative: has give & take

37. 34. What is a new cell called when, at fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg? zygote

38. 35. What does gender identity refer to
35. What does gender identity refer to? the sense of being male or female.

39. 36. What abilities tend to decline during adulthood
36. What abilities tend to decline during adulthood? speed of processing

40. 37. One question of interest to developmental psychologists is whether development happens in a smooth progression or in a series of clear-cut stages. This is called the ______________ question. continuity or discontinuity

41. 38. What are the correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross? denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

42. Describe the idea in developmental psychology of nature-nurture.
nature = biology,
nurture = environment

43. 40. What is a common example of a teratogen? alcohol.

44. Psychological Disorders Unit: Pages 410 – 437

45. 41. In ancient times, signs of mental illness were believed to be caused by__________. demons

46. 42. A pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress and harms their ability to function in daily life is called___________. a psychological disorder

47. 43. Joanna is experiencing severe anxiety
43. Joanna is experiencing severe anxiety. Her psychiatrist attributes her disorder to a chemical imbalance. What model is her psychiatrist using to explain the abnormality? biological model

48. 44. What is disordered behavior the result of according to those from a behaviorist perspective? a set of learned responses

49. 45. What is disordered behavior the result of according to those from a cognitive perspective? maladaptive thinking patterns

50. 46. Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of ______. anxiety disorders

51. 47. Arlene has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes
47. Arlene has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes. She is probably suffering from a(n) ______. phobia

52. 48. Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being “out of her body,” and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms MOST resemble ______. a panic attack

53. 49. Each day, while Sally is sitting at her desk at work, she continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, she washes her hands. Sally probably suffers from___________. obsessive-compulsive disorder

54. 50. Leo worries all of the time
50. Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo’s symptoms sound most like ______. generalized anxiety disorder

55. 51. According to the biological perspective, what are OCD, phobias, and panic disorder linked to? a chemical imbalance in the brain

56. 52. What category of psychological disorders is the physician likely to suspect when a patient has visited her physician ten times in the past six months to complain of numerous physical symptoms, and the physician has been unable to find a physical cause for her symptoms? somatoform

57. 53. Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination are called _________. dissociative disorders

58. 54. The police find a man who is disheveled and in a daze wandering through the downtown area. When the police ask him for his name, he seems bewildered. A search of missing persons photographs reveals that this man was reported missing three months ago in a town more than 700 miles away. The man is most likely suffering from_________. dissociative fugue

59. 55. What type of disorders are major depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder examples of? mood disorders

60. 56. How would you describe persistent depressive disorder
56. How would you describe persistent depressive disorder? a mild, chronic form of depression

61. 57. A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between ________. depression and manic episodes

62. 58. A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from what type of disorder? schizophrenia

63. 59. What term is used to describe false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness? delusions

64. 60. What is it called when a person shows little or no emotion
60. What is it called when a person shows little or no emotion? flat affect

65. Psychological Therapies Unit: Pages 446 – 473

66. 61. The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called__________________. psychotherapy

67. 62. The kind of therapy that uses biological treatments such as medication, surgical methods, and electrical shock treatments to bring about changes in the person’s disordered behavior is called__________________. biomedical therapy

68. 63. How do psychologists differ from psychiatrists
63. How do psychologists differ from psychiatrists? psychologists are not medical doctors

69. 64. What psychoanalytic technique is being used when a therapist allows the patient to let their thoughts flow without interruption or fear of negative criticism? free association

70. 65. During free association, a patient may become unwilling to talk about certain topics. What term would a psychoanalyst use to describe this change in the patient’s willingness to verbalize? resistance

71. 66. What is the key component of Rogers’s person-centered therapy
66. What is the key component of Rogers’s person-centered therapy? unconditional positive regard

72. 67. What did Carl Rogers view as a cause of most personal problems and unhappiness? mismatch between an individual’s ideal self and real self

73. 68. What do behavior therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors? learning

74. 69. Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object? systematic desensitization

75. 70. The form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is called_______. aversion therapy

76. 71. The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus is called________. reinforcement

77. 72. At Skinner Elementary School, teachers pass out “skinner bucks” to students who turn in papers on time, obey the teacher, and finish their homework. The paper “bucks” can be traded in at the end of the week for special treats or game-playing time on the classroom computer. This system most resembles a________. a token economy

78. 73. Which technique removes a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior? extinction

79. 74. What type of therapies have had considerable success in treating bed-wetting, overeating, drug addictions, and phobic reaction? behavior therapy

80. 75. What type of therapy depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs? cognitive

81. 76. What is the main goal of family therapy
76. What is the main goal of family therapy? improve family communication and interaction

82. 77. What view of psychotherapy do most modern psychological professionals take? eclectic

83. 78. What is the most important aspect of successful psychotherapy
78. What is the most important aspect of successful psychotherapy? the therapeutic alliance between the therapist and client

84. 79. What type of symptoms do antipsychotic drugs treat
79. What type of symptoms do antipsychotic drugs treat? hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior

85. 80. A treatment for severe depression in which an electric shock is delivered to the patient, resulting in a seizure of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain, is called____________. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

86. Social Psychology Unit: Pages 214 – 241

87. 81. It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying _____________________. conformity

88. 82. In what way is compliance different from conformity
82. In what way is compliance different from conformity? Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to other’s behavior.

89. 83. Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon. foot-in-the-door

90. 84. What term do psychologists use to describe the phenomenon when the cost of something increases after the commitment to buy has been made? lowball technique

91. 85. How would you describe Stanley Milgram’s study of obedience
85. How would you describe Stanley Milgram’s study of obedience? Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine, which they were told would be used to punish the “learner” for incorrect answers.

92. 86. What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching? social facilitation

93. 87. Which social psychological phenomenon might a teacher be concerned about when assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. social loafing

94. 88. After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case? groupthink

95. 89. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? attitudes

96. 90. What is the definition of cognitive dissonance
90. What is the definition of cognitive dissonance? the sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to the his or her attitude

97. 91. According to social psychology, what attributes would contribute to a communicator being highly persuasive? an attractive person who is an expert

98. 92. What is the explanation of the fundamental attribution error
92. What is the explanation of the fundamental attribution error? We are more likely to attribute another’s behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.

99. 93. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination
93. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? prejudice = attitude discrimination = behavior

100. 94. Dave believes all high school teachers are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of _______________. a stereotype

101. 95. What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? scapegoating

102. 96. “I adore the girl next door
96. “I adore the girl next door.” This phrase refers to what rule of attraction? proximity

103. 97. The saying “birds of a feather flock together” is a phrase that refers to __________. similarity

104. 98. What is it called when one person physically or verbally hurts another? aggression

105. 99. A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap
99. A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. What is John’s reaction is an example of? the bystander effect

106. Stress: Pages 482 – 505

107. What is stress?
the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging.