1.
HNDIT11034
More Operators

2. Increment and Decrement Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Prefix and Postfix notations
The increment ope rator, ++, can be used in two ways:
As a prefix, in which the operator follows the variable.
++n ;
As a postfix, in which the operator follows the variable.
n++;

3. The following code segment differentiates the two notations: var1 =10;
The following code segment differentiates the two notations:
var1 =10;
var2 = ++var1;
The equivalent of this code is:
var1 = 10;
var1 = var1 + 1;
var2 = var1;
In this case, both var1 and var2 are set to 11.

4. However, if the code is written as:
However, if the code is written as:
var1 = 10;
var2 = var1++;
the equivalent code will be:
var1 =10;
var2 = var1;
var1 = var1 +1;
Here,var1 is set to 11,but the value of var2 is 10.

5.
The decrement operator can also be used in both the prefix and postfix forms.

6. #include <iostream.h> void main() { int j; // declare j as int
#include <iostream.h>
void main() {
int j; // declare j as int
j=1; // initialize j to 1
cout << “j=“ << j << ‘\n’;
j++; //increment j
j--; //decrement j }

7. Arithmetic Assignments
Longer form
x = x + y
x = x - y
x = x * y
x = x / y
x = x % y
Short hand
x += y
x -= y
x *= y
x /= y
x %= y

8. Conditional Operators
Consider the following statements that find the maximum of two given numbers:
if (num1 > num2) {
max = num1; }
else
max= num2;

9. above program code can be modified using the conditional operator as:
In the above program code, we are determining whether num1 is greater than num2.
The variable, max is assigned the value, num1, if the expression, (num1 > num2),
evaluates to true, and the value, num2,if the expression evaluates to false. The
above program code can be modified using the conditional operator as:
max = (num1 > num2)? num1 : num2;

10. cout << “Please enter a score for the student “;
The?: operator is called the ternary operator since it has three operands. The following example calculates the grade of a student based on his scores.
int score =0;
cout << “Please enter a score for the student “;
cin >> score;
char grade = (score > 75)? ‘A’:’B’;

11. cout << ( score > 50 ? “PASSED”: “FAILED”) << endl;
The following code will display either “PASSED” or “FAILED”, depending on the value in the variable, score.
cout << ( score > 50 ? “PASSED”: “FAILED”) << endl;

12. Bitwise Operators

13.
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows:
A =
B =
A&B =
A|B =
A^B =
~A  =

15. cout << "Line 1 - Value of c is : " << c << endl ;
int a = 60; // 60 =
int b = 13; // 13 =
int c = 0;
c = a & b; // 12 =
cout << "Line 1 - Value of c is : " << c << endl ;
c = a | b; // 61 =
cout << "Line 2 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ;
c = a ^ b; // 49 =
cout << "Line 3 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ;
c = ~a; // -61 =
cout << "Line 4 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ;
c = a << 2; // 240 =
cout << "Line 5 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ;
c = a >> 2; // 15 =
cout << "Line 6 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ;

16. Q & A