1. Loops Programming

2. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 2 Shortcut Assignment l C++ has a set of operators for applying an operation to a variable and then storing the result back into the variable Shortcut assignments: *=, /=, +=, -=, %= l Examples int i = 3; i += 4; // i = i + 4 cout << i << endl; // i is now 7 double a = 3.2; a *= 2.0; // a = a * 2.0 cout << a << endl; // a is now 6.4 int change = 1265; change %= 100; // change = change % 100 cout << change << endl; // change is now 65

3. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 3 Increment and Decrement l C++ has special operators for incrementing or decrementing an object by one l Examples int k = 4; ++k; // k=k+1 : k is 5 k++; // k=k+1 : k is 6 cout << k << endl; int i = k++; // i is 6, k is 7 cout << i << " " << k << endl; int j = ++k; // j is 8, k is 8 cout << j << " " << k << endl;

4. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 4 Increment and Decrement l What is the difference between k++ and ++k? n ++k increments first, and the incremented value is used in the expression n k++ uses the initial value of k in the expression, and increments afterwards l Examples int a, b, c, d, k; k = 3; a = ++k;// k=4, a=4 b = --a;// a=3, b=3 c = b++;// c=3, b=4 d = c--;// d=3, c=2

5. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 5 Iterative Constructs l Provide n Ability to control how many times a statement list is executed l Three constructs while statement for statement do-while statement

6. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 6 The while Statement l Syntax while (Expression) Action l How it works: n If Expression is true then execute Action n Repeat this process until Expression evaluates to false l Action is either a single statement or a group of statements within braces Expression Action truefalse

7. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 7 N! ( while ) int number, factorial, n; cout << "Enter number: "; cin >> number; factorial = 1; n = 1; while(n <= number){ factorial *= n; n++; } cout << "The factorial of " << number << " is " << factorial << endl;

8. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 8 2 N ( while ) int number, result, n; cout << "Enter number: "; cin >> number; result = 1; n = 1; while(n <= number){ result *= 2; n++; } cout << "Two raised to the " << number << " power is " << result << endl;

9. COMP104 Lecture 9 / Slide 9 Maximum ( while ) int value=0;//input value int max=0;//maximum value while(value!=-1){ cout << "Enter a value (-1 to stop): "; cin >> value; if(value > max) max = value; } cout << "The maximum value found is " << " is " << max << endl;

10. The value of the input operation corresponds to true only if a successful extraction was made #include using namespace std; int main() { int listSize = 0; int value; double sum = 0; double average; cout << "Provide a list of numbers (CTRL-D to stop) " << endl; while (cin >> value) { sum += value; listSize++; } if(listSize > 0){ average = sum / listSize; cout << "Average: " << average << endl; } else cout << "No list to average" << endl; return 0; }