1. Nervous
Disorders

2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What are the 2 main
differences you see??

3. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Sometimes you can tell, sometimes you can’t!

4. FAS

5. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
FAS  stunted growth and distinct facial features
Brain damage resulting in difficulty learning, difficulty knowing right from wrong.
Depending on when damage occurred during pregnancy: Heart Murmur, Spina bifida, fetal tumors etc.

6. Multiple Sclerosis
An acquired inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS
Cells of the immune system invade the CNS and destroy myelin
It strikes people in the prime of their lives, usually between 20 and 40 years of age
Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the disease.

7. Multiple Sclerosis

8. Autism Abnormalities in brain
Some studies suggest abnormality exists in specific protein responsible for re-uptake of serotonin

9. Parkinson’s Disease Progressive degeneration of midbrain
Midbrain loses it’s ability to produce dopamine
Dopamine is an opiate-like neurotransmitter
Dopamine produces feelings of well being
Results in muscular tremors, partial facial paralysis and general weakness
L-dopa given to slow
Watch movie “Awakenings” with Robin Williams

10. Alzheimer’s Disease Memory robbing disorder
Amyloid protein deposits or plaques form in cerebral cortex
Memory affected
Temporal lobe of cerebrum affected
Scientists working to find ways to prevent plaque build up

11. Schizophrenia
Associated with prefrontal cortex
Severe disturbances in thinking, social behavior and emotion
Today Schizophrenia is thought to be associated with chemical imbalances in the frontal lobe of cerebrum

12. Spinal Cord Injuries Spinal cord may be damaged by disease or injury
If spinal neurons in cervical area damaged: result is complete paralysis
This is known as quadriplegia
If spinal neurons in lower back (lumbar area) are damaged: paraplegia
quad = four
para = two

13. Hydrocephalus Water on the brain
Caused by build up of csf due to over production or inability to drain excess csf
Pressure builds up and squeezes brain against skull
Reduced brain mass and intelligence results
Shunt may be implanted to drain csf

14. Spina Bifida Permanently disabling birth defect. Spine does not close
properly in first month. Spinal cord may protrude
through the back

15. Cerebral Palsy Caused by insufficient supply of oxygen to the fetus
Possibly occurring during birth process
Result is reduced or lack of muscle coordination
Brains are perfectly normal in terms of learning capabilities

16. Encephalitis Japanese encephalitis Inflammation of the brain
Usually caused by virus or bacteria
Encephalitis lethargica (or sleeping sickness) is an example
Person feels apathetic, has double vision and extreme weakness
Japanese encephalitis
Virus transmitted by mosquito
Leads to paralysis, seizures and coma

17. Meningitis Inflammation of membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord
Usually caused by virus or bacteria
Person has cold symptoms initially then becomes increasingly ill
Membranes inflamed include Dura mater, Arachnoid and Pia mater (outer, middle and inner meninges)

18. Abnormal electrical discharge of brain cells or Misfiring of circuits
Epilepsy
Abnormal
electrical
discharge of
brain cells or
Misfiring
of circuits

19. ADHD Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Dopamine thought to be reabsorbed too quickly
It does not spend enough time in the synapse
Ritalin : increases dopamine & norepinephrine

20. Epilepsy
Nervous system disorder that produces sudden, intense bursts of electrical activity in the brain.
This abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes seizures
which may briefly upset a person's muscle control, movement, speech, vision, or awareness.

21. Kuru Noticed in New Guinea in early 1900s
Women of the region were responsible for preparing the corpse of those who died – often ate brain matter, fed it to children and elderly
Eight times more women than men contracted kuru

22. Kuru Disease has three stages: Ambulant:
Individual can still walk, but is uncoordinated, has slurred speech.
Sedentary (AKA Laughing Stage)
Can’t walk on their own, have tremors and jerkiness
Extreme emotions – laughing and crying.
Terminal
Cannot sit up on their own
Urinary & fecal incontinence
Sounds like affect of alcohol.

23. Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease/Disorder
Description
Alzheimer’s disease
Progressive, degenerative disease of the brain
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord and brain
Bell’s palsy
Weak or paralyzed facial muscles

24. Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Brain tumors and cancers
Abnormal growths
Can be primary or secondary tumors
Most common – gliomas
Epilepsy and seizures
Occurs as a result of bursts of electrical signals that disrupt normal brain functioning
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Body’s immune system attacks the PNS

25. Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Headaches
Tension
Migraines
Cluster
Episodic or chronic
With aura/without aura
Form of migraines; occurs in groups
Meningitis
Inflammation of meninges
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Chronic disease of CNS
Myelin is destroyed

26. Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Neuralgias
Disorders causing nerve pain
Parkinson’s disease
Progressive and degenerative motor system disorder
Sciatica
Damage to sciatic nerve
Stroke
Brain cells die because of an inadequate blood flow; “brain attack”

27. Apply Your Knowledge Bravo! ANSWER: True or false:
___ Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain.
___ Epilepsy is due to degenerative neurons in the spinal cord and brain.
___ Neuralgias are motor system disorders.
___ Stroke occurs when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. T F
Due to a burst of electrical signals that disrupt brain function. F
They are group of disorders referred to as nerve pain. T