1. Introduction To
Waves
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

2. Do a quick mind map about waves…
What are waves?
How many different types of waves can you think of?
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

3. Introduction to Waves Lesson Outcomes
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.
To be able to explain what is meant by a wave and identify Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency, Trough and Crest of a given wave.
To be able to explain the difference between Transverse and Longitudinal waves, stating examples of each.
To be able to explain how white light can be split into the visible spectrum and describe the differences and similarities between each colour.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

4. What Are Waves?
Waves are vibrations that transfer energy from place to place without matter (solid, liquid or gas) being transferred.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

5. Demo of a wave
Model the wave now with a slinky. Changing the amplitude and frequency. Also explain crest and trough of a wave
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

6. Draw a simple wave and label the following:-
Amplitude
Wavelength
Crest
Trough

8. Common Features Of ALL Waves
Amplitude
The amplitude of a wave is its maximum disturbance from its undisturbed position. Take care: the amplitude is not the distance between the top and bottom of a wave.
Wavelength
The wavelength of a wave is the distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next wave
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

9. Introduction to Waves Lesson Outcomes
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.
To be able to explain what is meant by a wave and identify Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency, Trough and Crest of a given wave.
To be able to explain the difference between Transverse and Longitudinal waves, stating examples of each.
To be able to explain how white light can be split into the visible spectrum and describe the differences and similarities between each colour.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

10. Demo
Use a slinky to show a simple transverse wave. Then increase the frequency.
Start a discussion and ask students to define frequency of a wave.

11. Frequency
The frequency of a wave is also the number of waves that pass a certain point each second.
The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

12. Frequency of Sound Waves
Can you explain what is happening to the sound wave as you move down the octaves?
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

13. Demo of Waves Sound Wave
Demo with a oscilloscope connected to a microphone and a signal generator connected to a speaker.
How does the wave change when you change the amplitude and Frequency?
Define Amplitude and Frequency in your own words…
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

14. Oscilloscope Demo
Demonstrate a signal generator connected to a loudspeaker and oscilloscope (picoscope can also be used if available). Explain that the oscilloscope depicts the sound as a visible wave. Turn up the frequency and ask students to explain how the wave shape changed. Turn up the amplitude and ask the students to explain how the wave changed.
Extension. Turn up the frequency of sound and ask students to indicate when they are no longer able to hear a sound from the speaker. Explain that this is Ultrasound. Note that teachers will stop hearing sound much earlier than students due to ageing.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

15. There are two main types of waves
Transverse Waves
Transverse waves vibrate the particles up and down.
E.g:- Light Waves, Radio waves, S waves and ALL other EM Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Longitudinal waves move the particles left/right.
Eg:- Sound Waves and P waves.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

16. KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

17. So we know all waves carry energy.
An example of energy in waves
Can you explain how we know that the water waves were carrying energy?
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

18. Now let’s try and model that.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

19. Model of a wave Slinky Model Human Model
Use slinky to demonstrate transverse and longitudinal waves and change amplitude, frequency and wavelength.
Human Model
Students can model transverse waves by sitting in the back of the room. Change frequency and amplitude.
Transverse wave can be modelled by forming a line and students move backward and forward to demonstrate movement.
Wave Machine (requires setting up before hand)
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

20. Introduction to Waves Lesson Outcomes
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.
To be able to explain what is meant by a wave and identify Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency, Trough and Crest of a given wave.
To be able to explain the difference between Transverse and Longitudinal waves, stating examples of each.
To be able to explain how white light can be split into the visible spectrum and describe the differences and similarities between each colour.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

21. Visible Spectrum
Discuss with the person next to you the answer to the following questions:-
Name all the colours of the rainbow (visible spectrum) in the correct order
What is the difference between these different colour light?

22. Visible Spectrum
The Visible Spectrum is a continuous combination of 7 different colours. These are:-

23. Visible Spectrum
Demo this experiment using a darkened room, a ray box and a prism.
This experiment was first performed by Scientists 400 years ago but they couldn’t explain it. Where is the colour coming from? What is white light made up of?
These questions were first explained by Isaac Newton

24. KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.

25. History of the Visible Spectrum
In the 1600’s lots of Scientists were trying to explain the prism experiment. On watching the experiment some Scientists explained that the white light ‘gets’ its colour from the Prism.
Isaac Newton reasoned that if this is the case then if he puts red light through a prism then it should produce a spectrum again. However this did not happen.
What does this prove? Discuss.

26. History of the Visible Spectrum
He then passed all the colours through a second prism which was inverted.
He was surprised to notice that this time white light came out the other side.
What did this prove?
Animation here

27. This demo is very fiddly!!

28. Class Practical and Demo
Demo (OPTIONAL):-
Visible spectrum is displayed using an OHP and a diffraction grating. Use the following link to from this. Do NOT do the calculation as it is outside the scope of GCSE syllabus
Experiment (OPTIONAL):-
Students make their own diffraction grating. Use MUTR kits. Students investigate the spectrum of different light sources e.g. white light, sunlight, light from an energy saving light bulb etc.

29. Class Practical
Students use rayboxes to make their own visible spectrum and draw it in their books.

30. Nature of Light
Different colour light have different frequencies and wavelength.
Red has the highest wavelength and violet has the smallest wavelength.

31. Plenary Foundation
Can you explain how rainbows are formed?

32. Plenary Higher
Can you explain why the sky always appears red during a sunset or sunrise?

33. Introduction to Waves Lesson Outcomes
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.
To be able to explain what is meant by a wave and identify Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency, Trough and Crest of a given wave.
To be able to explain the difference between Transverse and Longitudinal waves, stating examples of each.
To be able to explain how white light can be split into the visible spectrum and describe the differences and similarities between each colour.
KEY WORDS: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, Transverse, Longitudinal, Vibrations, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves, Sound, Ultra-Sound.