1. Unit 2: Cells and Tissues
Chapter 3 in textbook

2. Unit 2 Goals
2.1 Describe the structure and function of all organelles of an animal cell including the plasma membrane
2.2 Differentiate between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions and how cells respond to each
2.3 Explain the mechanisms for both active and passive transport systems
2.4 Understand that all of the body’s processes occur at the cellular level
2.5 Understand that maintaining a cell’s boundaries is vital to life
2.6 Define the 4 major tissue types and their functions
2.7 Describe the specific structure and function of each tissue within the 4 major tissue categories
2.8 Identify the steps to tissue repair
2.9 Define tissue & their relationship to organs
2.10 Apply the structure and function of tissues to the organs we’ll study in detail in future units

3. Cellular/Plasma Membrane
Separates cell contents from the _____________________
Very dynamic in many cellular activities
**Remember: All processes within the body are actually ______________ processes!!

4. Plasma Membrane Structure

5. Plasma Membrane Structure
Made up of a lipid bilayer containing
Proteins
Acts as binding sites (receptors) for hormones or chemical _________________
Acts as _____________to aid in the transport of materials through membrane (for water or water-soluble substances)
Acts as carriers by binding to substances and carrying them through the __________________

6. Plasma Membrane Structure
Glycoproteins
_______________ attached to proteins
Determines blood type
Receptors for bacteria, ____________ and toxins
________________
Stabilizes membrane and keeps it fluid
Glycoproteins make cells sticky; they change when cells become cancerous
Cholesterol also makes vitamin D, hormones and bile salts. Made in liver; abundant in brain and membranes

7. Cell Physiology Cells metabolize: use nutrients to build new materials
break down substances
_______________________
digest foods
dispose of waste
move and respond to stimuli

8. Membrane Transport Solution: a homogenous mixture of 2+ components
Exs: air (mixture of gases), ______________ (salt & water)
____________: the substance presenting the largest amount within the solution
Water = bodies chief solvent

9. Membrane Transport
Solutes: substance present in ___________ amounts within a solution
Intracellular Fluid: a solution within cells; containing small amounts of gases, nutrients & salts; all ________________________________

10. Membrane Transport Interstitial/Intracellular Fluid
______________ surrounding outside of cells
Derived from _________________
All exchanges between blood and cells made here
Very nutritious: ______________, fatty acids, vitamins
Contains hormones, salts and waste products

11. Membrane Transport
Selective Permeability: when a barrier only allows ____________ select substances into or out of cell
Passive Transport: substances are passed across the membrane without expending energy
Great for ___________________!!

12. Membrane Transport
_____________ Transport: when a cell uses ____________to move substances across a membrane. Substances are either too large, unable to dissolve in fat core or are moving against a _________________ gradient

13. Can You Define These? Isotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution

14. Histology
The study of…..?
Definitions:
Avascular:
Innervated:

15. 4 Major Types of Tissue Names and Functions:
Epithelial: protects, secretes, absorbs & forms ____________
Connective: supports & ______________
Muscular: ________________
Nervous: transmits impulses

16. Epithelial Tissue Special characteristics: ___________________
Innervated
Rests on a basement membrane: material that attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue
Cells fit closely, forming _______________________

17. Epithelial Tissue Continued
Cells fit closely, forming continuous sheets
Always has one, free, ____________________ (exposed to body’s exterior or to cavity of internal organ)
____________________ with sufficient nourishment

18. Epithelial Classification
1.) By cell shape
Squamos: flattened cells
______________: boxlike cells
Columnar: higher than wide (tall)

19. Epithelial Classification
2.) By layers
Simple: one layer
Stratified: several ____________
Pseudostratified: single layer but looks like two layers

20. Epithelial Classification
Draw the following based on epithelial classifications:
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
Stratified squamos epithelial tissue

21. Assignment
Using your book, pages 86-90, look up the different classifications of epithelium (listed below) & make notes about where each is located within the body and their specific function:
Glandular epithelium
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands

22. Assignment continued Simple epithelia: Stratified epithelia:
Simple squamos
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified
Stratified epithelia:
Stratified squamos
Stratified cuboidal & stratified columnar
Transitional epithelia

23. Connective Tissue Special Characteristics:
Living cells surrounded by a __________________ extracellular matrix which varies the rigidity of connective tissue from solid to liquid
Some __________________, others not
There are several different types:

24. Connective Tissue Types
_______________
Osteoblasts make a hard matrix surrounded by osteocytes
Contains ________________ deposits
Highly vascularized
Acts to ______________________

25. Connective Tissue Types
Cartilage
Flexible but tough, avascular, dennervated, mostly water
____________________: rubbery, most abundant type; provides support and pliability; larynx, costal cartilage, ends of long bones, ___________________________
Elastic cartilage: resistant to bending; external ear
Fibrocartilage: compressible & resists tension; intervertebral discs, _________________

26. Connective Tissue Types
Dense __________________ Tissue
Regular: fibers arranged parallely (unidirectional strength), poorly vascularized, many ______________, enormous tensile strength; tendons, ligaments
Irregular: bundles of collagen fibers, thicker & ________________ (multidirectional strength); skin

27. Connective Tissue Types
Areolar Tissue: fluid matrix, widely distributed in body; cushions and protects body ______________
Adipose tissue: aka fat; areolar tissue with _______________; for shock absorption, insulation & energy storage
Reticular Connective Tissue: makes a ______that supports free blood cells in spleen, lymph nodes & bone marrow
Blood: blood cells surrounded by non-living fluid matrix; used for transport

28. Muscle Tissue Special characteristics:
_________________________________
Muscle cell = muscle fiber

29. Muscle Tissue
3 types:
Skeletal muscle: ____________cells, multi-nucleate, striated, voluntary, attached to bones; causes movement & expressions
_________________: striated, uni-nucleate, make up walls of heart, involuntary; contract to propel blood through vessels
Smooth: no striations, _________________, involuntary, lines walls of hollow organs; propels substances through organs

30. Nervous Tissue
Makes up the nervous system; neurons (______________________________)
Generates & conducts nervous impulses

31. Tissue Repair Tissue defense mechanisms:
Intact ________________ barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
Cilia (lines _______________ tract)
Acid (skin, stomach)

32. Tissue Repair When ________________ there are 2 different responses:
1.) Inflammatory Response
Redness, heat, swelling, loss of function and pain
The body’s attempt to “___________________” the area
Gets clotting factors and nutrients to area
2.) Immune Response
More specific than inflammatory
___________________________________

33. Tissue Repair
Tissue Repair is dependant on severity of injury and type of tissue damaged
_________________: replacement of destroyed tissue with the same tissue
_________________: replacement of destroyed tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

34. Specific Tissue Repair
Regenerates well
Epithelium, fibrous connective tissue and ______________
Regenerates poorly
Skeletal muscle, ________________, nervous tissue
________________
Strong, lacks flexibility, unable to perform normal functions