1. Semester Exam Review
Matter & Energy

2. Atoms Protons: positively charged Neutrons: neutral (no charge)
Electrons: negatively charged

3. Ions & Isotopes
Ion: An atom that has more or less electrons than protons so it becomes positively or negatively charged.
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

4. Atoms Atomic number: the same as the number of protons.
Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

5. Atoms
To get the atomic mass of a molecule, add up the atomic masses of each element in the formula.
Example:
H20 (water)= 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen
Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 (x2) = 2
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16
Atomic mass of H20 = = 18

6. Matter Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
4 States of Matter:
Solid (most dense)
Liquid
Gas
Plasma (least dense)
All 4 states have mass therefore they are all matter.

7. Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of water:
The density of water is 1, so the specific gravity of water is also 1.
Specific Gravity = Density of water: 1 = 1
Density of water: 1

8. Energy The sun is the source of all energy in the atmosphere.
Fission: Creates energy by splitting apart an atom’s nucleus.
Fuel: a substance that stores energy.

9. Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Coal:
Lignite is the cleanest burning form of coal that gives off the most heat.
2. Oil/Petroleum:
Oil pools are usually found in metamorphic rock.
Petroleum is found in areas that were once covered by oceans.
3. Natural Gas

10. Renewable Energy Sources
Hydropower:
Flowing water that creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity.
2. Geothermal:
Heat from the Earth.
3. Biomass:
Plant derived organic material
4. Wind:
Energy from spinning of wind turbines.