1. WW1 New and Improved Weapons!

2. Artillery
Caused most dead and wounded: between 60% and 70% of the casualties in WW1
Longer range and faster firing than in 1800s
Could fire High explosive shells, poison gas or smoke shells
Used to kill/wound, destroy trenches, break up enemy attacks and cut “pathways” through barbed wire

3. Machine Guns Machine Gun: can fire up to 800 bullets per minute,
took 3 men to carry, set up and fire it and reload it,
fed by long ammunition belts of bullets,
It’s use, along with better artillery, caused armies to dig long lines of protective trenches
First one invented by Hiram Maxim* (cool story!)
At start of WW1(1914) British didn’t think it was “honorable” only bought 800, Germans LOVED it, bought 10,000
Nations bought/ Massed produced more

4. Trenches: 500 miles of them across Northern France and Belgium!

5. Trenches Had interconnecting lines of trenches
The First trench was most dangerous .. under continuous enemy fire
Filled with mud, bugs, dead bodies, feces,
Soldiers lived in them for 2 weeks at a time
Some had underground bunkers for Head quarters and medical centers

6. Airplane:
Bi planes and Tri planes, flimsy, light construction, made of wood, wires and often covered over with paper! (flammable!) 1 or two seat versions
>First used for recon, then “dog fights” developed between enemy planes,
pilots 1st carried pistols, rifles to shoot at other pilots,
>later machine guns added directly to planes thanks to “interrupter” mechanism
>dropped bombs and grenades by hand then developed bomb racks…

7. Anti Aircraft gun: First ones were simply Machine guns pointed up!
Germans began to first used heavy cannons mounted on trucks, Brits and French copy
put in place around airfields, HQs, and artillery sites

8. Poison Gas:
first used by Germans, deployed in glass canisters, steel canisters later 1 in every 4 artillery shells fired in WW1!
3 main types: 1. Tearing agents (Lachrymator) Tear Gas! Used to scare troops into putting on masks, disrupt aim, also sent in first to “MASK” other more deadly gasses to follow,
2. Asphyxiant: poison gas! Includes chlorine, phosgene and diphosgene, chlorine forms hydrochloric acid when it comes in contact with moisture (like lung tissue or in eyes!) no way to treat infected once dose is in
3. Blistering Agent: Mustard Gas! Acts on all exposed moist skin such as eyes, groin and armpits ect.
Gas mask could offer very little protection!
PROBLEM with gas in war: blows with the winds, can hurt own troops…

11. TANKS;
Invented by British, ( Mark IV) named after water tanks to disguise invention from German spies, Germans and French copied and made own tanks (A7 for Germans)
> first used by Brits in 1916 Battle of Somme (ineffectively);
had machine guns and small cannons, crew of 4-8
moved across trenches, barbed wire and machine gun nests with ease!
Needed infantry with them to protect them from gas bombs, artillery fire,
VERY heavy, could move over some bridges, VERY slow 4-8 MPH
Weak armor, bullets could splash through seams, cannons could wreck them

13. U Boats German name for submarine (unterseeboot)
Used to sink Allied merchant ships halt /slow the flow of supplies coming across the seas
Became primary sea weapon once German surface fleet was pushed back at Battle of Jutland
Fired deck gun or (more rarely) used torpedoes to sink a vessel…
Could only stay submerged for a few hours, 24 in emergency
Allies had to create sonar detection devices to find them and used CONVOYS to gather merchants together for protection by a few warships
U-boats were sunk by depth charges

14. Review Questions Use your WW1 Notes:
Which weapon would be the SCARIEST to you to face in combat? Why choose that one?
Which weapon do you think was the most common?
How could you stop a tank? (3 ways)
Which gas would be the one you feared the most in WW1? Which would fear the least?
Which would you rather fight from: A U-boat, a Tank, a Bi plane, or just be a foot soldier?