1. Liquids

2. Density and Compression
More dense than gases
Intermolecular forces stronger
Incompressible (an enormous amount of pressure must be applied to reduce volume a very small amount)

3. Fluidity Can flow and diffuse (less than gases)
Ex) Food coloring in water
Ex) Water vs. Natural Gas in a basement

4. Viscosity Resistance of liquid to flow
Honey
Particles in the liquid are close enough for attractive forces to slow their movement
Determined by type of intermolecular forces, size and shape of particles, and temp.

5. Viscosity & Attractive Forces
Stronger forces= Higher viscosity

6. Viscosity & Particle Size/Shape
Bigger molecules move slower when compared to smaller molecules that have the same attractive forces
Ex: Oils and motor oil have long chains, less distance between atoms, resulting in a greater chance for attraction between atoms

7. Viscosity &Temperature
Viscosity decreases with temp
Added energy makes it easier for liquid to overcome attractive forces
Ex. Heating cooking oil

8. Surface Tension Defined
Middle particles have attractions to particles above, below, and on both sides
Surface particles have no attractions above them to balance the attractions below them.
Net attractive force pulling down on particles at the surface
For surface area to increase, middle particles must move up and overcome all the attractions holding them in the interior
Surface Tension: Energy required to increase surface area, a measure of the inward pull by particles in the interior

9. Surface Tension Stronger attractive forces= Greater surface tension.
Ex. Water
has a high surface tension due to H bonds (allows spiders to walk on water)
Difficult to remove dirt from skin and clothing using only water-detergents and soap decrease surface tension by breaking H bonds.
Water then spreads out allowing dirt to be carried away with the water
Ex) drops of soapy water vs. plain water on a penny

10. Cohesion & Adhesion
Cohesion= Force of attraction between identical molecules
Adhesion= Force of attraction between different molecules
Water in a graduated cylinder forms a concave meniscus
adhesive forces between glass and water are greater than cohesive forces between water molecules so the water rises along the inner walls of the container