1. Quotations and Parenthetical Citations
Chapter 3
Quotations and Parenthetical Citations

2. Understanding citations
Always check with instructor for formatting style
We will use APA in English 109
Citations at the end of a work on a page titled References. If there is only one source used, the page is titled Reference.

3. Parenthetical citations
Referencing begins in the text of your work. This is called in-text citation.
APA uses name and date with in-text citation

4. Direct Quotation Do not overuse quotations
Only use when making a point
Direct quotation: word for word repetition
Indirect quotation: paraphrasing

5. Paraphrasing APA example
Kessler (2003) discovered the necessary steps to produce a cure.
The necessary steps to produce the cure were determined after years of trial and error (Kessler, 2003).
In 2003, after many years of experimentation, Kessler determined the necessary steps to produce a cure.

6. Using direct quotations
A direct quotation is an exact copy of the original work
Use the author’s name and the date of publication. Include a page number if it is known.
When naming a book title, punctuate accurately.

7. APA Examples
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

8. A Quote within a source Use the phrase: as cited in Example:
Psychology has had its masters of theory and quite a bit of humor as well. Jung, a noted psychologist, once claimed, “Show me a sane man and I will cure him for you” (as cited in Byrne, 1996).

9. Using ellipses and brackets
An ellipsis ( … ) indicates a break or omission of words with a direct quote
Example:
“Individual styles must be assessed, and, If a learner is going to have the best
opportunity to learn, instructional techniques must be used that are congruent with each
student’s style”(Bello, 1990, p. 205).

10. Using ellipses and brackets
Brackets are used to place your quotation smoothly into your work.
Example:
"when [his own and others'] behaviors were studied" (Hanisch, 1992, p. 24).

11. using block quotation
A quotation longer than four typed lines should be set apart in block quotation format. Use the tab button twice (about 1”) to set off a block quotation. No quotation marks are used. A colon is often used to end the sentence before a block quotation.

12. Example of block quotation
Naomi Klein (2000), in her book No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies, writes:
The astronomical growth in the wealth and
cultural influence of multinational
corporations over the last fifteen years can
arguably be traced back to a single, seemingly
innocuous idea developed by management
theorists in the mid-1980s: that successful
corporations must primarily produce brands, as
opposed to products (p. 3).

13. Reference Menager, P. & Paulos, L. (2009). Quick coach
guide to avoiding plagiarism. Boston:
Wadsworth.