1. PHENOLS

2. In a phenol the OH group is directly attached to the benzene ring.
In a phenol the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen is delocalised with the electron charge cloud of the arene ring.
The delocalised bonding changes the reactivity of the OH group and the arene ring.
Since the ring pulls the delocalised electrons on the oxygen atom into the ring it is activated and the ring is more likely to be attacked by electrophiles

3. NOTE// This is not a phenol, but is an alcohol because the OH group is attached to an alkyl group rather than the benzene ring.

4. Which is the stronger acid?
O H OR
Phenol
Ethanol
ANSWER – Phenol is stronger
In phenol the phenyl group has a negative inductive effect and pulls the lone electron pair on oxygen and the electrons from the O-H bond towards itself.
This in turn weakens the O-H bond making it easier for H+ ions to be released, hence stronger acid.
O-H bond weakens

5. The ethyl group has a positive inductive effect so it pushes electrons towards the O-H bond hence strengthening it making it harder to release a H+ ion
Bond is strengthened

6. REACTIONS OF PHENOLS
Phenols are very weakly acidic.
They are weaker acids than carboxylic acids.
Both phenols and carboxylic acids will react with sodium metal and sodium hydroxide.
Only carboxylic acids will react with sodium carbonate as a phenol is not strong enough an acid to react.
The sodium phenoxide compound is more soluble than the original phenol. So the solid phenol dissolves on addition of NaOH

7. There are 3 observations made in this reaction:
2,4,6 tribromophenol is a white precipitate
A colour change from orange-brown to colourless is seen
Effervescence due to the presence of HBr gas
Reagents: Bromine water
Conditions: room temp
In phenol the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen (p- orbital) is partially delocalised into the ring.
The electron density increases and the Br2 is more polarised
NOTE// Phenol does not need a FeBr3 catalyst like benzene and undergoes multiple substitution whereas benzene will only add one Br.

8. USES OF PHENOL
Phenols are used in the production of:
plastics,
antiseptics,
disinfectants
and resins for paints

9. In comparison with benzene, phenol does not need the concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
With 4M HNO3 single substitution occurs (in comparison to the conc HNO3 needed for benzene)
Reagent: 4M HNO3
Conditions: room temp