1. Chapter 2: Values and Ethics
This chapter will cover
Value assumptions
Conflicts between value assumptions
Value priorities
Ideal values versus real values
Ethics in argumentation
Ethical decision making

2. Values and Ethics
Assumptions
Unstated (and often unconscious) beliefs

3. Value Assumptions and Conflicts
Values
Beliefs, ideals, or principles that are considered worthy and held in high regard.
Truth
Loyalty
Freedom

4. Values Assumptions Value assumptions: Reality assumptions:
Beliefs about how the world should be
What is more important
Form the foundation of an
argument.
Beliefs about how the world is
Chapter 3
When considering an issue, what value assumptions have priority?
These value assumptions form the foundation of your claim. 4

5. Value Assumptions and Conflicts
Value Conflict
When two competing values cannot be held to the same degree in a given argument or situation:
What do you do when your values are in conflict with one another.

6. Skill
Understand that different values form the basis of many arguments and that conflicts are often based on differing value priorities.

7. Value Assumption? Honesty
Value Conflicts
Issue:
When my roommate asks how she looks in her new outfit, should I tell her that she has hideous taste in clothes?
Conclusion:
I’ll tell her its ugly and that she should never buy her own clothes because she couldn’t dress a scarecrow!
Reason:
She expects and deserves an honest answer.
Value Assumption? Honesty

8. Ethics- A Dimension of Values
Standards of conduct that reflecting what we consider to be right or wrong

9. Ethics- A Dimension of Values
Morals
Principles that distinguish right from wrong behavior

10. Ethics Why we have disagreements
We hold many values in common, but to different degrees…

11. Ethics Some Common Ethics Libertarianism: promote individual liberty
Utilitarianism: promote the greatest general
happiness/minimize unhappiness
Egalitarianism: promote equality for all
Religious: promote faith spirituality
Prima facie values: universal ethical principles

12. Ideal Values and Real Values
Held by an individual in a theoretical sense

13. Ideal Values and Real Values
Theoretical and practiced

14. U.S. Declaration of Independence
Ethics
U.S. Declaration of Independence
"We hold these truths to be self ‑ evident, that all [men] are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights*, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
* Natural (life and liberty) vs legal
The Declaration references all of the values we listed-liberty, happiness, equality

15. Ethics in Argumentation
Honesty in conclusions
Do not omit or distort
Thoroughly research claims made
Listen respectfully to opposing viewpoints
Be willing to revise position
Credit secondary sources

16. Ethical Decision Making
How do we know what our principles and standards are?
Role Exchange Test
The Universal Consequences Test
The New Cases Test
The Higher Principles Test

17. Common Rationalizations
Ethics in action
If It’s Necessary, It’s Ethical
The False Necessity Trap
If It’s Legal and Permissible, It’s Ethical
I Was Just Doing It For You

18. Common Rationalizations
Ethics in action
I’m Just Fighting Fire With Fire
It Doesn’t Hurt Anyone, & Everyone’s Doing It
It’s O.K. If I Don’t Gain Personally
I’ve Got It Coming (I Deserve It)
I can still be objective

19. Toulmin’s Model A Method for Discovering Assumptions Claims Reasons
Warrants

20. Toulmin’s Model:
Claim
A statement of an individual’s belief or stand upon an issue

21. Toulmin’s Model
Warrant
The unstated but necessary link between reasons and claims

22. Toulmin’s Model We will have to leave at 5 a.m. to make our flight
Claim:
We will have to leave at 5 a.m. to make our flight
Reason:
We will be driving in rush hour traffic.
because
Warrant: ?
Rush hour traffic moves more slowly than other traffic

23. Chapter 2: Values and Ethics
Checkup
What are value conflicts
Name some ethics to use in an argument
Difference between ideal and real values
What are some common rationalizations