1. "the land between the rivers"
AKS 30b & 30c: Mesopotamia
"the land between the rivers"

2. Mesopotamia Civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Mesopotamia was part of the Fertile Crescent:
An area of land that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea in what is now Syria, northern Iraq, and Turkey.

5. Cultural Diffusion
The process in which a new idea or product spreads from one culture to another
Mesopotamians exchanged products and ideas with neighboring cultures.

6. Natural Resources Abundant supply of water from the rivers.
Natural supply of food: fish, wildfowl, and dates from the date palm tree.
Fertile Soil: used for both growing crops and making bricks and pottery.

7. Environmental Challenges
Unpredictable flooding and/or drought.
Created irrigation system.
No natural barriers for protection.
Building materials were scarce.
Traded their surplus of food with neighboring cultures for building supplies.
For defense, they built thick city walls with mud bricks.

8. Lasting Contributions
Advanced cities:
Sumerian city-states were protected by high walls
At the city center was a temple called a ziggurat

9. Lasting Contributions
Specialized Workers:
At the top of society were priests, and then kings
In the middle were skilled workers, like merchants
At the bottom, were common farmers & slaves

10. Lasting Contributions
Religion:
Sumerians & Babylonians were polytheistic
The Hebrews in Palestine were the 1st monotheistic faith in history (Judaism)
The holy book of Judaism is the Torah; God gave Moses the Ten Commandments which serve as moral laws

11. Lasting Contributions
Government:
Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first legal code
Hammurabi’s Code had 282 laws based on justice & retaliation (an eye for an eye)
The code had different punishments for the various levels of society

12. Lasting Contributions

13. Lasting Contributions
Writing:
Sumerians made the world’s 1st writing called cuneiform
Phoenicians simplified cuneiform to a 22 letter alphabet
Phoenician merchants spread the alphabet throughout the Mediterranean world
The alphabet influenced Greek, Latin, & English

14. Lasting Contributions
Technology:
Sumerians inventions include the wheel, sail, plow, & bronze metalwork