1. River Valley Civilizations
The discovery of farming during the Neolithic Revolution allowed nomadic people to settle into civilizations

2. The world’s first civilizations all began in river valleys
The first civilization began in an area known as Mesopotamia

3. Mesopotamia means “land between the rivers” & is often called the “Fertile Crescent” or as the “Cradle of Civilization”
The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded once per year, leaving behind fertile soil ideal for farming

4. The first civilization developed in the Fertile Crescent: Sumer
But, surrounding deserts & the lack of natural barriers attracted outsiders to Mesopotamia made the Sumerians vulnerable to attack

5. Lasting Contributions
Advanced cities:
Sumerian city-states were protected by high walls
At the city center was a temple called a ziggurat

6. Lasting Contributions
Specialized Workers:
At the top of society were priests, and then kings
In the middle were skilled workers, like merchants
At the bottom, were common farmers & slaves

7. Lasting Contributions
Religion:
Sumerians & Babylonians were polytheistic
The Hebrews in Palestine were the 1st monotheistic faith in history (Judaism)
The holy book of Judaism is the Torah; God gave Moses the Ten Commandments which serve as moral laws

8. Lasting Contributions
Government:
Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first legal code
Hammurabi’s Code had 282 laws based on justice & retaliation (an eye for an eye)
The code had different punishments for the various levels of society

9. Lasting Contributions

10. Lasting Contributions
Writing:
Sumerians made the world’s 1st writing called cuneiform (Wedged Shaped)
Phoenicians simplified cuneiform to a 22 letter alphabet (Based on Sound)
Phoenician merchants spread the alphabet throughout the Mediterranean world
The alphabet influenced Greek, Latin, & English

11. Lasting Contributions
Technology:
Sumerians inventions include the wheel, sail, plow, & bronze metalwork

12. Egypt began along the Nile River in North Africa
Egypt was bordered on both sides by desert which isolated & protected Egyptians from outsiders
The Nile River’s annual floods were predictable & provided fertile soil for farming
The Nile flooded so predictably that the Egyptians designed their calendar around it
The Geography of Egypt
From the highlands of East Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile River flows northward across Africa for over 4,100 miles, making it the longest river in the world. A thin ribbon of water in a parched desert land, the great river brings its water to Egypt from distant mountains, plateaus, and lakes in present-day Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia. Egypt’s settlements arose along the Nile on a narrow strip of land made fertile by the river. The change from fertile soil to desert—from the Black Land to the Red Land—was so abrupt that a person could stand with one foot in each.
The Gift of the Nile As in Mesopotamia, yearly flooding brought the water and rich soil that allowed settlements to grow. Every year in July, rains and melting snow from the mountains of east Africa caused the Nile River to rise and spill over its banks. When the river receded in October, it left behind a rich deposit of fertile black mud called silt. Before the scorching sun could dry out the soil, the peasants would prepare their wheat and barley fields. All fall and winter they watered their crops from a network of irrigation ditches. In an otherwise parched land, the abundance brought by the Nile was so great that the Egyptians worshiped it as a god who gave life and seldom turned against them. As the ancient Greek historian Herodotus remarked in the fifth century B.C., Egypt was the “gift of the Nile.”

13. Lasting Contributions
Advanced Cities:
Cities developed along the Nile River in “Upper Egypt” & “Lower Egypt”

14. Lasting Contributions
Specialized Workers: ?

15. Lasting Contributions
Government :
Pharaohs ruled Egypt as “king-gods” & were thought to control nature
Egyptians constructed pyramids & elaborate tombs for the pharoahs

16. Lasting Contributions
Religion:
Egyptians were polytheistic & believed the gods controlled all aspects of life

17. Lasting Contributions
Writing:
Egyptian hieroglyphics was both pictograms & a phonetic alphabet
Hieroglyphics were translated using the Rosetta Stone

18. Lasting Contributions
Technology:
Egyptian ideas included a 365-day calendar, geometry, astronomy, & pyramids

19. Persian Culture
Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which viewed life as a struggle between good & evil
Persians believed in heaven & hell as consequences for how they lived their lives
Zoroastrianism influenced the views of the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

20. Made Living: They traded several goods including glass and lumber.
Lived: The Phoenicians established a trade empire, and colonies, throughout the Mediterranean.
Made Living: They traded several goods including glass and lumber. .
Murex snail

21. The Phoenicians spread their alphabet throughout the Mediterranean
Phoenician Alaphabet
The Phoenicians spread their alphabet throughout the Mediterranean
Their alphabet consisted of 22 letters, it did not have vowels.
Unlike many early alphabets which were made of pictograms, the Phoenician alphabet was phonic (based on sound). These sounds could be assembled to make words.
The Greeks eventually adopted this alphabet, which influenced the Latin Alphabet which we use today.