1. Principles of ecology
Chapter 13

2. Ecology
__________ the study of interactions among living things, and their surroundings
We did not study our entire _________ as a whole unit until scientists found the importance of ecology
The need to know how all _________ affect one another
Ecology can be _________ into several different levels

3. Ecology organization
__________ an individual living thing such as a alligator
__________ a group of the same species that live together (alligators in a swamp)
__________ a group of different species that live together in one area
Alligators, turtles, birds, fish, plants that live in the Florida __________
__________ includes all organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, and nonliving things in a particular area
________ a regional or global community of organisms

5. How ecology is studied _____________
Watching and recording how species of living and nonliving things are changing
Test particular portions of the ecosystem to identify strengths or weaknesses of the ecosystem and how they can be changed
Questions scientists pose can sometimes not be answered easily so they must use models to make predications or record their data

6. Biotic & Abiotic Factors
_________ livings things in the ecosystem
Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
__________ nonliving things in the ecosystem
Moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil
Biotic and Abiotic factors work together for the ______________ of the ecosystem
___________ can change from year to year depending on the number of plants, animals, natural disasters, climate, and ____________
Examples?

7. Biodiversity
____________ is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem
The amount of _____________ depends on the type of climate that is present
_____________ have much more biodiversity than tundra because more species of living and nonliving organisms can live in that climate

8. Keystone species
______________ a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem
If something happens to this __________ it affects the entire ecosystem both living and _________
Beavers
Change free-flowing dams into ponds, wetlands, and meadows
Allows different types of birds, fish , and vegetation to grow and thrive

9. Energy __________ organisms that produce their own food
Another name for producers is __________
Plants
__________ organisms that produce their energy by the food that they eat
Another name for consumers is Heterotrophs
__________ rely on producers for their survival

11. Producers
Almost all producers obtain their energy from the ____________________
What is Photosynthesis?
Not all __________ are able to use sunlight to produce _________
Some produce energy through the process of _______________
_______________ process by which an organism forms energy using chemicals rather than sunlight as its energy source
This is found in the deep parts of the ocean where there is no light

12. Food Chain
Food chain a sequence that links species by their feeding relationships
Consumers
__________ an organisms that only eats plants
__________ organisms that only eat animals
__________ organisms that eat both plants and animals
__________ organisms that eat dead organic matter
__________ break down organic matter into compounds
__________ consumers that feed on a very small number of organisms
Florida snail kites (eat apple snails)
__________ consumers that have a varying diet (eat all sorts of things)

14. Trophic levels The levels of nourishment in a __________
____________ herbivores because they are the first consumer above the producer trophic level
____________ carnivores that eat herbivores
____________ carnivores that eat secondary consumers

15. Trophic Levels

16. Food Web
__________ a model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometime beyond an __________

17. Food web

18. Cycling of matter ___________________________
Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form
We have several cycles we utilize on ________
Examples
Hydrologic
___________
Carbon
__________
Phosphorus

19. Hydrologic Cycle
The pathway _______uses to distribute itself throughout earth in different ______
This is an important _____ because we need water to survive and because _____of Earth’s _______ is composed of water

20. Biogeochemical Cycle
Movement of a particular chemical through the _________ and geological parts of the ____________

21. Oxygen Cycle
Plants release __________ as a waste product during __________________
______ and animals consume oxygen and release ____________ as a waste product

22. Carbon Cycle ________ is the building block of ________
Carbon is used to make our four __________________
Proteins
________
Carbohydrates
_______
Carbon is the leading ____________ to promote climate change

23. Carbon Cycle

24. Nitrogen Cycle ____ of earth is composed of ________________
However, most _________ cannot use nitrogen in its natural form
They need nitrogen changed into
_________ (NH3)
_________ (NO3-)
____________ can be “fixed” into these two usable forms of nitrogen products by bacteria living in the soil or cyanobacteria in __________ ecosystems

25. Nitrogen Cycle

26. Phosphorus cycle The entire _______________ occurs underground
Phosphate is released by the ____________ of rocks
Plants and fungi near by are able to take up the _______________
When plants and animals die and decay the ____________ is released back into the soil

27. Phosphorus Cycle

28. Natural disruptions
_________ can be disrupted by natural disasters or because of human __________
_____________ can wipe out an entire population of an organism and ruin the ecosystem
The __________ will release gases, ashes and other substances into the environment
_____________ and Nitrogen found in these substances can block and reduce sun light reaching earth which harms plants and ______________ species
Natural __________can force elements into water or _______ that they are not supposed to be

29. Human disruptions
Poor farming __________ can ruin the cycle of chemicals found in the soil
Feedlots produce an ___________ amount of waste products and the waste can leach into ground water, rivers, or streams and _________ the water
Cars, factories, and power plants burn ___________ and release carbon into the atmosphere as _______________
An increased amount of __________ in the atmosphere has contributed to climate change

30. Pg. 411
Read Ch. 13.6