1. Enter Date
Aim: Making Proteins
Warm-up:
HW:

2. Bodies → Cells → DNA Bodies are made up of cells
All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA

3. DNA → Proteins → Cells → Bodies
DNA has the information to build proteins
proteins
cells
DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work
bodies

4. Cell organization DNA DNA is in the nucleus
genes = instructions for making proteins
want to keep it there = protected
“locked in the vault”
cytoplasm
nucleus

5. Cell organization Proteins chains of amino acids
made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm
protein factory = ribosome
cytoplasm
nucleus
build proteins
ribosome

6. Passing on DNA information
Need to get DNA gene information from nucleus to cytoplasm
need a copy of DNA
messenger RNA
cytoplasm
nucleus
build proteins
mRNA
ribosome

7. From nucleus to cytoplasm
transcription
DNA
mRNA
protein
translation
trait
nucleus
cytoplasm

8. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases double stranded
G, C, A, T
T : A
C : G
double stranded
RNA
ribose sugar
nitrogen bases
G, C, A, U
U : A
C : G
single stranded

9. Transcription Making mRNA from DNA
DNA strand is the template (pattern)
match bases
U : A
G : C
Enzyme
RNA polymerase

10. Decoded Information
Once DNA becomes RNA it can then help the body make proteins.
The RNA strand contains instructions for making proteins
The ribosome can read the instructions and make the required proteins.

11. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

12. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

13. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Match RNA bases to DNA bases on one of the DNA strands C U G A G U G U C U G C A A C U A A G C
RNA
polymerase U A G A C C T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

14. RNA Polymerase Used in transcription.
It binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands.
It then uses one DNA strand as a template and produces a complimentary RNA strand.

15. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
U instead of T is matched to A
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
ribosome U C A G

16. cytoplasm
protein
nucleus
ribosome
trait U C A G

17. How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
protein aa

18. mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
codons
ribosome
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
protein
Codon
block of 3 RNA bases

19. The mRNA code Start codon Stop codons AUG methionine UGA, UAA, UAG
Several codons for each amino acid
mutation insurance!
Start codon
AUG
methionine
Stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG
Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory.

20. How are the codons matched to amino acids?
DNA
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
mRNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
codon
UAC
Met
GCA
Arg
tRNA
CAU
Val
anti-codon
amino acid

21. mRNA to protein = Translation
The working instructions → mRNA
The reader → ribosome
The transporter → transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosome
mRNA U C A G aa
tRNA G U aa
tRNA U A C aa
tRNA G A C C
tRNA aa A G U

22. DNA mRNA protein trait From gene to protein tRNA aa aa transcription
translation
DNA
mRNA
protein
ribosome U C A G
tRNA aa
trait
nucleus
cytoplasm

23. RNA Editing The new RNA strand is edited before it is used.
Exons are regions of the RNA that will code for proteins.
Introns are random regions that must be cut out before the strand can become mRNA.

24. Types of RNA Three Types of RNA: Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

25. Messenger RNA
Carry the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins
They serve as the messenger from DNA to the rest of the cell

26. Ribosomal RNA Ribosomal RNA makes up a majority of the ribosome.
It is found in proteins

27. Transfer RNA
During protein synthesis, tRNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified based on the mRNA instructions.
Each tRNA can only carry one specific amino acid.