1. Chapter 8: Antebellum Reform
Test Review

2. Economic Reform/Change
Cottage Industry (people make things by hand in their houses)  Factories/Mills
Industry that was 1st to undergo this change: TEXTILES (cloth-making)
1st textile mills: New England. Why?
Access to raw materials/resources
Invention of interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney helped make factories more successful

3. Economic Changes in the South
Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin caused the following changes:
Increased the amount of cotton that could be harvested
Caused cotton to be the primary cash crop of the South
Increased the profit of northern factory owners because they no longer had to import cotton
Caused the South to be even more dependent on slavery

4. Religious Reform
2nd Great Awakening: people attended “fire and brimstone” sermons, and were inspired to modify their behavior in order to ensure their souls made it to heaven
Key Person: Charles Finney (preacher)
Impacts:
Women became more vocal leaders during this time, and carried this over to other reform movements (abolition, temperance, women’s suffrage, etc.)
The need to reform personal behavior inspired other movements that sought to reform society at large.

5. Temperance Movement Goal: Reduce/eliminate the consumption of alcohol
Why?: Drunkenness was viewed as immoral behavior a la the 2nd Great Awakening
Key People: Carrie Nation (the ax lady) and Frances Willard (more on her next year)
What they Did: held rallies, marches, etc.
The Temperance Movement will exist throughout the rest of the 1800s and will eventually result in the Prohibition of alcohol in 1920.

6. Abolitionism
Goal: some abolitionists wanted African-American slaves relocated to Africa, many wanted African-American slaves to live in the United States as free citizens. All wanted to see an end to slavery.
Key People:
William Lloyd Garrison: wrote “The Liberator”, an abolitionist newspaper
Frederick Douglass: escaped slave who wrote “The North Star”, an abolitionist newspaper
Nat Turner: led a prominent slave rebellion
Harriet Tubman: led hundreds of slaves to freedom on the Underground railroad
Sojourner Truth: spoke out against slavery as well as in support of women’s rights.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote the best-selling novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” that exposed the horrors of slavery to northern audiences

7. Women’s Rights
Goal: political equality for women, women’s suffrage (right to vote)
Key People:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention
Lucretia Mott: co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention
Actions:
marches, rallies, petitions, etc.
Seneca Falls Convention: large meeting where the Declaration of Sentiments was written, declaring that all men AND WOMEN were created equal.

8. Institutional Reform
Goals: to create better institutions such as prisons, hospitals, and schools.
Key People:
Horace Mann: the “father of modern education” advocated for mandatory, free public education for children.
Dorothea Dix: advocated for the mentally ill to be considered patients, not prisoners, and treated accordingly.

9. Literary and Societal Reform
Transcendentalism: truth can be discovered through observations of nature and relating it to personal emotional and spiritual experiences. Nature is divine.
Authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
Helped inspire the creation of utopian communities:
New Harmony
Brook Farm
Oneida
Shakers