1. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
What are some disorders of the respiratory system?
How are disorders of the respiratory system treated?
What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

3. Functions of the Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
Lungs
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

4. Discuss the Functions of the Upper Respiratory System Structures
Nose-nasal cavity
Sinuses-lined w/mm, warms & moistens air
Pharynx-”throat”, passageway for air & food.
Epiglottis- D/swallowing, epiglottis closes over trachea to prevent food going into trachea
Larynx-”voice box”, contains vocal cords “glottis”, responsible for vibrations to create sound. Just beneath is the Cricoid cartilage. (Pressure during intubation)

5. Discuss the Functions of the Lower Respiratory System Structures
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchial tubes
Bronchioles
Alveoli-surrounded by capillaries, O2 & CO2 exchange occurs b/t alveoli & caps
Lungs
Pleura-dbl wall sac, covers lungs. Filled w/fluid to prevent friction
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

6. Functions of the Respiratory System
External & Internal respiration Cellular respiration
Production of sound
(vibration of vocal cords)
What is the relevance to your health?

7. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Breathing
Discuss the process of breathing.
External respiration- exchange of O2 & CO2 between the lungs, body & outside environment.
Internal respiration- exchange of Co2 & O2 between the cells & the lymph surrounding them, plus the oxidative process of energy in the cells
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

8. Breathing Calculate your respirations
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Calculate your respirations
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

9. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Neural Factors
Explain the role of the Medulla Oblongata-”respiratory center”.
When there is an increase in CO2 or decrease in O2 in the blood, it triggers respiratory center
What does the Phrenic Nerve do?
*** Stimulates the diaphragm
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

10. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Chemical Factors
What are the chemical factors involved in breathing?
Depends on levels of CO2 in the blood.
Chemoreceptors in the Aorta and Carotid Arteries are sensitive to the amount of BLOOD O2 (oxygen). Sends message to the respiratory center to increase rate and depth of respirations.
Compare to NEURAL FACTORS.
Inc. in either CO2 or O2 will trigger “respiratory center”
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

11. Neural factors:
2 centers located in the Medulla Oblongata to control breathing:
One regulates Inspiration
One regulates Expiration
An increase in CO2, (or lack of O2) will trigger the respiratory centers
Two Neuronal pathways involved in breathing
Phrenic nerve-leads to diaphragm and inter costal muscles
Vagus nerve-carries impulses from the nose, larynx, lungs, skin and abdominal organs to the Medulla

12. Chemical factors Chemical factors:
Depends on level of CO2. As blood circulates thru the respiratory center, the respiratory center senses the increased CO2 levels and increases respiratory rate. [ie: exercise]
Chemo receptors in the Aorta and Carotid arteries are very sensitive to blood O2 levels, impulse sent to resp. center in medulla and cx’s inc. in rate and depth of respiration.
Can be affected by drugs such as depressants, barbituates and morphine (narcotic pain meds)
Street drugs-ecstasy, heroin, cocaine

13. Breathing/Ventilation
1 Inspiration/1 Exspiration= 1 Respiration
Normal adult-14-20/min
Increases with exercise, body temp, certain diseases
Decreases during sleep-10-14/min
Newborn resp-40-60/min
Cough-deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air, clears lower respiratory tract
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

14. Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory movements.
Coughing –deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clear lower resp. tract
Hiccups-spasm of the diaphragm & spasmotic closure of the glottis, caused by irritation to the phrenic nerve
Sneezing –air forced thru nose to clear the upper resp. tract
Yawning-deep prolonged breathing that fills the lungs, increases oxygen in the blood.
What do you think stimulates this? Neural or chemical??

15. Types of breathing Apnea-temporary stoppage of breathing
Dyspnea-difficult, labored or painful
Eupnea- normal breathing
Hyperpnea-inccrease in depth & rate, w/abnormal
exaggeration of respiratory movements
Orthopnea- difficult or labored breathing when lying down
Tachypnea- abnormally rapid & shallow rate of breathing
Hyperventilation- rapid breathing that causes body to lose CO2 too rapidly. (anxiety attack, scared) What is a quick treatment??

16. Lung capacity and volume
Spirometer- measures the volume and flow of air during inspiration & expiration.
Tidal volume- amount of air that flows in/out of lungs w/each breath (500 ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)- the amtount of air you can force a person to take in over & beyond the tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume(ERV) amt. of air you can force a person to exhale over & beyond tidal volume

17. Lung capacity and volume
Vital lung capacity- total amt of tidal volume, IRV and ERV
Residual volume- amt of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled from the lungs
Functional residual capacity- the sum of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) and residual volume
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

18. Lung capacity and volume
Total lung capacity
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Normal is about 6,000 ml
Sample
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

19. Respiratory disorders
Asthma
What is asthma?
Inflammatory airway obstruction, caused by allergens or
psychological stress, 5% of Americans have it
Symptoms- difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing & tightness in chest
Who most likely has it?

20. Respiratory disorders
Bronchitis-inflammation of the Mucous Membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes which produces excessive mucous
Pneumonia
Acute-inflammation spread from nasopharynx or irritation of irritating vapors. Cough, fever, substernal pain and Rales (fluid raspy sound)
Chronic- middle or old age,
Cigarette smoking most common cause, chemical exposure, pollution, etc.

21. Respiratory disorders
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
What is COPD and
what is the leading cause?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

22. COPD A term used to describe a group of diseases:
Emphysema, Chronic Bronchiits, Asthmatic Bronchitis
Obstructs patients airflow
4th leading cause of death in the US
SMOKING IS THE PRIMARY RISK FACTOR!!!
Pollution, dust or chemicals may
cause or contribute to COPD
People that worked in furniture plants (sanding, chemicals-stains) , paving jobs, etc.

23. Respiratory disorders
COMMON COLD
What is it? What causes it?
Highly infectious virus
Symptoms- fever, runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, stuffy head, sore throat.
Spreads quickly
Treatment- rest, fluids,
Usually runs its course in 7-10 days
Hand-washing –
best
preventative
measure
How long
should you
wash your hands?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

24. Respiratory disorders
What is Emphysema?
Overdilation and loss of elasticity in the alveoli. Air becomes trapped & is difficult to exhale air.
Decreases exchange of O2 & CO2
Dyspnea increases as
disease worsens

25. Respiratory disorders
Influenza Viral Infection
Symptoms of influenza: -----
Treatment: rest, fluids, OTC pain relievers/fever
“Tamiflu” (Amantidine)if caught early enough
Is a flu shot beneficial?
Why or why not?

26. Respiratory disorders
Pneumonia
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

27. Respiratory disorders
Pneumothorax-build up of air w/in pleural cavity
What can cause
a pneumothorax?

28. Respiratory disorders
Sinusitis
What is it?
Infection of the mm
that lines the sinus
cavities
What are the
treatments for it?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

29. Respiratory disorders
What type of standard
precautions should
be followed?
Tuberculosis
What is it? Inf & contagious
How is it spread?
Cough, fluids, virus
can live on inanimate
objects for a period of
time.

30. Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system
Did you know???
The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis
Discuss the relevance to your health.
What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients?
Vitamin D-
prevents respiratory
disease in newborns
Folate-
prevents
respiratory
infections
Vitamin E-
prevents
common colds
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

31. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
What are some disorders of the respiratory system?
How are disorders of the respiratory system treated?
What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system