1. Thermal Physics continued

2. Thermal properties of matter
Temperature: measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles
Average kinetic energy does not depend on the size of the object
Internal energy: total energy of all the particles
Thermal (heat) Energy: internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its atoms, “exchange of heat”
Thermal equilibrium: when there is no transfer of energy from one to the other

3. Difference between thermal and internal
Internal Energy in thermodynamics is an axiom that any System in equilibrium with its environment has energy (totality of measurable - as a product of intensive & extensive parameters - forms of energy internal to it) expressed as a monotonic function of Absolute Temperature. The heat energy refers to the energy in transit between two such systems driven by thermal gradient, that is difference in temperatures.

4. Temperature scales Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin
Kelvin is absolute temperature. It measures the amount of energy in an object.
Absolute zero is the lowest possible measurement of temperature. It is the point at which atom themselves lose all energy and motion
Anders Celsius used a thermometer filled with mercury and devised another form of measurement for temperature called Celsius
Celsius is based on two fixed points
0 degrees Celsius – freezing points of water
100 degrees Celsius – boiling point of water
Using water as a basis for measurement it makes it a very easy thermometer to calibrate

5. Temperature scales To convert from Celsius to kelvin
Temperature in Celsius = temperature in kelvin
Hence, to go from kelvin the Celsius just minis 273

6. Heat flow
There are three common ways in which heat can be transferred from one object to another
Conduction
Heating a metal rod over a flame. The flame heats the end of rod over the flame, but the other end of the rod becomes hot as heat is passed from particle to particle it is in contact with (direct contact)
Convection
A pot of water on stove, the water in the bottom of the pot is heated by conduction from the pot and burner, but the water at the top is heated by movement of particles, the hot molecules rise, forcing the cold molecules down. This movement is convection. Associated with fluids
Radiation
Does not depend on the presence of matter. The sun warms the Earth through empty space, via electromagnetic waves. EM waves carry energy.

7. Classwork: Workbook page 72
Homework: Workbook sections 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

8. you will reflect back on the series
you will reflect back on the series. I want you to write a reflective essay. I expect this to be an high school level essay. Clear thoughts, full sentences, several supporting statements.
within the body of your essay, I want you to address the following
1. Did the series change (add to or take away from) your perception of what is physics (not Einstein himself).
2. Reflect back on Einstein’s life. How might his life of had an effect on his accomplishments (positive or negative)?
3. The third paragraph, you can pick something from the series to reflect upon. This would be something that stuck with you, positive or negative, from the series.