1. Parts of Speech
Year Nine

2. Nouns These are the words used for people, places, things, ideas.
Common (Concrete) nouns – can be perceived with at least one of the five senses.
Abstract nouns – cannot be perceived with the senses (they are used to describe concepts and emotions)
Proper nouns – names a specific person, place, thing or idea

3. Pronouns These are words we use to replace nouns.
They are usually used when the noun has already been used in the sentence, or in preceding sentences.
Instead of using the word boy or Jim, you can use he, him, his…
Instead of cat, you can use it

4. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns – stand for people; Bobby = he; Cindy = she; dog = it;
First person – I me my mine we us our ours
Second person – you your yours
Third person – he him his she her hers it its; they them their theirs

5. Verbs These are words that show action or a state of being
You might know them as “doing” words, but they are also “being” words.
Can you think of some examples action verbs?

6. Common ‘state of being’ verbs
forms of the verb “be”
am, is, are, was, were, has been,
have been, had been, will be, shall be, may be, might be,
can be, should be,
would have been.

7. Adjectives Modify (describe) nouns & pronouns
Answer these four questions:
Which one?
What kind?
How many?
How much?

8. Adverbs Modify (describe) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
Many times end in –ly
Answer these four questions:
When?
Where?
How?
To what extent?

9. Preposition
Shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence
Always used in a prepositional phrase
Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the object of the preposition
Example: under the table, behind the car

10. Commonly Used Prepositions
aboard about
above across
after against
along among
around at
before behind
below beneath
beside between
beyond by
down during
except for
from in
Into like
of off
on over
Past since through throughout to toward
under underneath
until up upon
with within
without

11. Conjunctions Joins words or groups of words Two kinds of conjunctions:
Coordinating – and, or, for, nor, but, so, yet
Correlative – works in pairs;
neither…nor, either…or, and so…but yet,
both…and, not only…but also

12. Articles
The definite article indicates one particular person or thing. (the)
The indefinite article indicates a single but not particular thing. (a/an)
We use a when the noun starts with a consonant.
We use an when the noun starts with a vowel.