1. Struggling Toward Saratoga
Interesting Fact: Valley Forge- fort was located outside Philadelphia and was the site of the Continental Army under George Washington during the freezing winter of

2. The War Moves to the Middle States
A. Battle of New York
British want to seize New York
Gen. William Howe & Adm. Richard Howe (largest British expeditionary force ever)
Many of the British troops came from Germany, and American troops called them Hessians (after the German area know as Hesse)
Gen. Washington was outnumbered
Battle ended in late August 1776 with American retreat
American troops pushed back to Delaware River in Pennsylvania

3. B. Battle of Trenton
Christmas night 1776, Gen. Washington led troops across Delaware River
Marched nine miles to Trenton, NJ to a garrison held by Hessians
Surprise attack and the Americans win
Won another battle at Princeton nine days later (moral is very high)

5. C. Fight for Philly
Gen. Howe (British) wants to seize Am. Capital (Philly)
Continental Congress flees city while Gen. Washington and troops enter to defend
British capture Philly

6. D. Victory at Saratoga
Gen. John Burgoyne (British) tries to march troops down to NYC to meet Gen. Howe (but Gen. Howe was busy in Philly and wasn’t coming)
Gen. Horatio Gates (American) surrounded British troops at Saratoga
Gen. Burgoyne surrendered on Oct. 17, 1777 (changed Britain’s war strategy, from now on, keep troops close to coast)

8. E. Turning Point
France supports the Revolution (anyone that’s an enemy of Britain is a friend to France)
sign treaty of cooperation with Americans, Feb. 1778
France won’t make peace with Britain until Britain recognizes American independence

9. F. Winter at Valley Forge
Gen. Washington running out of supplies, troops must spend winter at Valley Forge with little food, clothing, and supplies
went in with 10,000 left with 8,000

10. Colonial Life During the Revolution
A. Financing the War
Running out of money to finance the war
Congress borrows money by selling bonds
Printed money called Continentals causes inflation
Smuggling of arms from Europe
Profiteering (selling scare goods for profit)
Haym Salomon and Robert Morris raised funds and allowed the govt. to pay troops with gold coin in Sept. 1781

11. B. Civilians at War
Wives manage farms, shops, businesses, households, and families
Volunteer to mend clothing for troops, make ammunition from family silver
Many women followed the soldiers and washed, mended, and cooked
Some women even went onto the battlefield (Margaret Corbin, Mary McCauley)
about 5,000 African Americans served in Continental Army

13. Winning the War

14. European Allies Shift the Balance
Continental Army becomes an effective fighting force thanks to the help of Prussian Captain Fredrich von Stuben
A. Lafayette and the French
At Valley Forge Gen. Washington was assisted by a young, brave French aristocrat, the Marquis de Lafayette
Lafayette was able to get French reinforcements and lead a command in Virginia

16. British Move South A. Early British Success in the South
Gen. Charles Cornwallis (Br.) and Gen. Henry Clinton (Br.) captured Charles Town, South Carolina
Most of 1780, Cornwallis advances in the South until a group of Patriots attacked them and cut British communication lines

17. B. British Losses in 1781
Although Cornwallis continued to win in the South. Gen. Nathanial Greene (Am.) weakens British forces in attacks in North Carolina
Cornwallis makes his way to Virginia but failed in taking over Lafayette and von Stuben
Cornwallis then make his way to Yorktown

18. British Surrender at Yorktown
Lafayette suggest American and French armies should join with two French fleets and attack British forces at Yorktown
A. Victory at Yorktown
French fleet defeats British fleet and blocks Chesapeake Bay
French and American troops surround Yorktown and bombard them day and night
The bombardment of Yorktown lasts three weeks
Cornwallis surrendered on Oct. 17, 1781
On Oct. 19, 1781 Gen. Washington accepts the surrender

20. four nations meet (America, Britain, France, and Spain)
B. Seeking Peace
Paris peace talks 1782
four nations meet (America, Britain, France, and Spain)
US sent John Adams, Ben Franklin, and John Jay
Before talks are to begin the British must recognize American independence
Sept Treaty of Paris is signed
US got independence
Territory was from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Florida

22. War Becomes a Symbol of Liberty
A. Impact on American Society
little distinction between rich and poor during war
egalitarianism (brief equality) for white men
women and African Americans still little to no rights
by 1804 some Northern States begin to outlaw slavery
Native Americans pushed out of their lands in the west with more people moving

23. B. Challenges of Creating a Government
need to build a stable republic, a government of the people
Who participates?
How will the government answer to the people?
How will everyone have a voice?