1. ECON 100 Tutorial 22 Rob Pryce www.robpryce.co.uk/teaching

2. Question 1 What is broad money? Broad money is a measure of the money supply that includes more than just physical money such as currency and coins (also termed narrow money). It generally includes demand deposits at commercial banks, and any monies held in easily accessible accounts. Components of broad money are still very liquid, and non-cash components can usually be converted into cash very easily. (wikipedia) Normally labelled M3.

3. Question 1 If the commercial banking sector holds 18% reserve assets (cash narrow money); if the general public holds cash to bank deposits in the ratio 1:8; and if the volume of narrow money (cash) is 100 units, what is the volume of broad money (that is, cash and bank deposits held by the general public) in circulation?

4. Question 1 If the commercial banking sector holds 18% reserve assets (cash narrow money); if the general public holds cash to bank deposits in the ratio 1:8; and if the volume of narrow money (cash) is 100 units, what is the volume of broad money (that is, cash and bank deposits held by the general public) in circulation?

5. Money Multiplier What happens when we change the RR and CDR?

6. Money Multiplier personbank havebank keepsbank lendsperson keepsbank gets 01000 1 10090050850 2 8576542.5722.5 3722.5072.25650.2536.13614.13 4 61.41552.7130.71522.01 5 52.20469.8126.10443.71 6 44.37399.3322.19377.15 7 37.71339.4318.86320.58 8 32.06288.5216.03272.49 9 27.25245.2413.62231.62 10231.6223.16208.4611.58196.87 500.3480.0350.3130.0170.296 TOTAL6666.67333.33 RR = 0.1 CDR = 0.05 Started with £1000, now there is £7000, multiplier = 7

7. Money Multiplier personbank havebank keepsbank lendsperson keepsbank gets 01000 1 20080050750 2 15060037.5562.5 3562.50112.50450.0028.13421.88 4 84.38337.5021.09316.41 5 63.28253.1315.82237.30 6 47.46189.8411.87177.98 7 35.60142.388.90133.48 8 26.70106.796.67100.11 9 20.0280.095.0175.08 1075.0815.0260.073.7556.31 500.0010.0000.0010.0000.001 TOTAL4000200 RR = 0.2 CDR = 0.05 Started with £1000, now there is £4200, multiplier = 4.2

8. Money Multiplier personbank havebank keepsbank lendsperson keepsbank gets 01000 1 200800100700 2 14056070490 3490.0098.00392.0049.00343.00 4 68.60274.4034.30240.10 5 48.02192.0824.01168.07 6 33.61134.4616.81117.65 7 23.5394.1211.7682.35 8 16.4765.888.2457.65 9 11.5346.125.7640.35 1040.358.0732.284.0428.25 5000000 TOTAL3333.33333.33 RR = 0.2 CDR = 0.1 Started with £1000, now there is £3666, multiplier = 3.666

9. Question 2 Explain why the whole amount of narrow money is not included in the total amount of broad money. M = CP + BD Why not include CB? This would be double counting, since BD = CB + B B + PBB(taken from lecture 59) So we can write M = CP + CB + B B + PBB, but not M = CP + BD + CB

10. Question 3 From the national income identity, what association might exist between a fiscal deficit and a trade deficit? Y =C + I + G + X – Mplease get bored of writing this! Y – T =Y d Y =Y d + T = C + I + G + X – M Y d = C + I + G – T + X – M if Y d = C + Swhere S is savings Y d – C=S = I + G - T + X – M re-arrange to get(S – I) = (G – T) + (X – M)

11. Question 3 (S – I) = (G – T) + (X – M) now if S = I (G – T) + (X – M) = 0 (G – T) = -(X – M) (G – T) = (M – X) So if G > T, M > X If there is a fiscal deficit, there must be a trade deficit Only if S = I

13. Question 4 Gerrys answer: The monetary theory of international payments adjustment provides an explanation. When a state pursues a profligate monetary policy, the exchange value of its sovereign currency tends to fall. Governments take a monopolists profit (seigniorage) from the use of its sovereign currency, the demand for which is negatively correlated with the stability of its value.

14. Question 5

16. Question 6 Is the balance of international payments an accountancy principle or an economic concept? Or is it both? Gerry says: It is an accountancy principle whereby categories of international financial flows are defined such that international payments are necessarily balanced. The structure of that balance is a matter for interpretation. The economic issue is whether payments flows are sustainable; e.g., for how long will China accumulate US Bonds? (China held $1.1 trillion in Dec 2011.)

17. Question 7 Without trade statistics, how might an international payments problem be noticed? Through exchange rates. Since BoP = 0: X = M, or X + debt we owe = M + debt we are owed The USA mostly has debt we owe, China mostly has debt we are owed An international payments problem would mean that debt would not be accepted as payment. If China stops accepting US debt as payment, the exchange rate falls and the dollar loses value.

18. Question 7 The USA mostly has debt we owe, China mostly has debt we are owed. An international payments problem would mean that debt would not be accepted as payment. If China stops accepting US debt as payment, the exchange rate falls and the dollar loses value. You should note that if the dollar loses value, Chinese imports become more expensive for US consumers and the demand for Chinese imports falls. China has an interest in keeping the value of the US dollar high relative to the Chinese yuan if it wants to export to the US. China has been accused of keeping the value of the yuan artificially low.keeping the value of the yuan artificially low

19. Any Questions? Email:r.pryce@lancaster.ac.ukr.pryce@lancaster.ac.uk Web:www.robpryce.co.uk/teachingwww.robpryce.co.uk/teaching Office Hour:Wednesday, 9:45 – 10:45 Charles Carter C Floor or by appointment (email me)