1. Kingdoms and Domains
Linnaeus originally proposed a two kingdom system: Plants and Animals
but since nobody had microscopes, nobody knew about all of the smallest forms of life
biologist then discovered prokaryotes and eukaryotes
there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

2. Review Activity: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Follow the instructions carefully:
divide your chart paper in half
label one side “prokaryotes” and the other side “eukaryotes”
cut out the cards
decide whether the card is describing a prokaryotic cell or an eukaryotic cell
tape the card in the correct column on your chart paper
write your names on the chart paper
post chart paper on board
first team to complete the activity with the most correct answers wins (!!)
there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cont’d…
there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

4. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cont’d…
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Has membrane bound organelles
Has no membrane bound organelles
Cellulose based cell wall (where a cell wall is present)
Peptidoglycan based cell wall (where a cell wall is present)
DNA held on linear chromosomes
DNA held on circular chromosomes
DNA located within the nucleus
DNA contained within the cytoplasm
ATP production occurs in mitochondria
ATP production occurs in folded regions of the cell membrane called mesosomes
Has a nucleus
Does not have a nucleus
Large ribosomes
Small ribosomes
Have a phospholipid bi-layer cell membrane
May have Flagella
there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

5. Domains of Life
a domain is a new taxonomic rank (highest level) which classifies ALL organisms into 3 groups: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
these groups showed significant differences in their genetic makeup, which was very compelling evidence of their distinct evolutionary kinship

6. Domains of Life Cont’d…
Cell Characteristics
Other Characteristics
Eubacteria
prokaryotes
unique cell structures, proteins and genetics
more ‘primitive’ biochemistry
include the traditional bacteria
obtain energy in a variety of ways
Archaea
prokaryotes, though their genes and enzymes behave more like eukaryotes
live in extreme and harsh environments (eg. extreme heat)
live in anaerobic environments
Eukarya
eukaryotes
can be either unicellular or multicellular
can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

7. Kingdoms of Life
Eubacteria and Archaea have their own kingdom and there are four separate kingdoms of Eukaryotes
*Note:* the branches of the phylogenetic tree and the distance between shows an estimate of how closely related the groups are

8. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Eubacteria
Cell characteristics:
prokaryotic
cells walls contain a unique compound
cells are variable in shape and size
Other characteristics:
variety of means of obtaining food and nutrients
all can reproduce asexually
Escherichia coli

9. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Archaea
Cell characteristics:
prokaryotic
cell walls and cell membranes have a unique structure
most are extremely small
Other characteristics:
some live in extreme  environments
all can reproduce asexually
extreme thermophiles(organisms that thrive at high temperatures),

10. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Protista
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
diverse cellular structure
some have chloroplasts  and cell walls
Other characteristics:
heterotrophic or  photosynthetic, or both
variable forms of movement
usually live in moist or aquatic environments
reproduce sexually and asexually
Amoeba

11. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Fungi
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
cell wall is  made of chitin
most are multicellular
cells have no chloroplasts
Other characteristics:
all are heterotrophic
most are terrestrial
reproduce sexually and asexually
Mushrooms

12. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Plants
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
all are multicellular
cell walls are made of cellulose
have chloroplasts
Other characteristics:
autotrophic and photosynthetic
most are terrestrial
reproduce sexually and asexually
Conifers

13. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Animals
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
all are multicellular
cells have no cell walls  or chloroplasts
Other characteristics:
all are heterotrophic
most are terrestrial
reproduce sexually and asexually
Elephants

14. Virtual Lab: Exploring & Classifying Life
In this virtual lab you will classify organisms into kingdoms based on their physical and behavioral characteristics.

15. Homework
complete 1.4 questions #1-5 on page 29