1. Medical root word for the next two weeks “Osteo”
The Skeletal System
Medical root word for the next two weeks
“Osteo”

2. Objectives Locate and describe the structures of the skeletal system
Recognize, pronounce, spell and build words related to the system
Describe pathology (disease) related to the system
You will have the opportunity to learn all 206 bones in the body!

3. Vocabulary Misanthrope (n)- someone who dislikes mankind.
Hedonist (n)- someone who takes too much enjoyment on the pleasures of life.
To exacerbate (v)- to make something worse
Eccentric (adj)- to act quirky and differently than others; odd, peculiar.
Ubiquitous (adj) – something that is always present; widespread
Omniscient (adj)- all-knowing
Vacuous (adj)- lacking intelligence or ideas; stupid.
Melancholy (n)- (melancholic-adj) to be in a habitual state of depression and gloominess
Detrimental (adj)- causing damage or injury to something.
Medical Terms
To articulate (v)- where two bones form a joint; to speak well
To palpate (v)- to touch a part of the body

4. Bones Provide the framework for the body
Provide protection to all organs
Store minerals
Produce blood cells within their cavities
Bones (aka Osseous Tissue) is made mostly of Calcium.
They are mostly cob-web like

5. Types of bones Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid Bones c a long shaft
Almost all extremity bones
Short
Carpals (Wrist) and Tarsals (Ankle)
Flat
Thin flat bones
Skull, ribs, scapula, sternum
Irregular
Funny looking bones
Pelvis and vertebrae only ones
Sesamoid
Strange bones that develop throughout lifetime
In tendons
e.g. Patella (kneecap), circular bones in hand and feet

6. Patella and Flabella
Hand Sesamoid
Foot sesamoid

7. Types of Fractures Compound (Open) Comminuted Compression Impacted
Bone is exposed to surface
Comminuted
Bone is shattered to many pieces
Compression
Vertebrae crushed like a marshmallow
Also occurs in cranium.
Impacted
Bone other than vertebrae is crushed
Complete
Bone is completely broken
Buckle (Torus)
Small crack in periosteum
Most common arm/leg fracture
Displaced
A type of complete fx where bone is moved completely out of position
Combo of these fractures may occur.

8. Comminuted
Open
complete
Displaced
Buckle
Impacted

9. Bone Drawing On a piece of paper,
draw 6 separate pictures of your forearm demonstrating an open, complete, displaced, comminuted, and buckle fracture.
Draw a vertebrae with a compression fracture.

10. All bones have these features:
1. Periosteum
Hard, protective outer layer
2. Compact bone
Looks hard and solid, like a “typical” bone.
Lies underneath the periosteum
3. Spongy bone
Swiss-cheese looking part of bone
Found in epiphysis of long bones and all parts of short, flat, and irregular bones.
Full of red bone marrow
This is where blood cells are made
This process is called Hematopoiesis

11. Typical Bone Joint All Joints have these 3 features. 1. Cartilage
Silvery part where the bones actually touch
2. Synovial Fluid
Bathes the joints to prevent friction
3. Ligaments
Rubber-band-like connective tissue that connect bone to bone
Keeps all joints in place

12. Osteoarthritis 1. Cartilage deteriorates 2. Joint Space narrows
3. Synovial Fluid lessens
4. Bone spurs develop
5. Cartilage and bone fragments float in synovial fluid
Pain follows.
Joint replacement is necessary
Arthroplasty.

13. Upper Extremity Phalanges to Scapula
Bones of the Body
Upper Extremity
Phalanges to Scapula

14. The Hand Each hand has 27 bones Each finger is a digit
Thumb is 1st digit
Pinky is 5th digit
Each hand is made up of 3 sections of bones
14 phalanges (fingers)
5 Metacarpals (palm)
8 Carpals (Wrist)

15. Phalanges (Fingers) 1) Phalanges (Sing. Phalanx) The fingers.
2nd-5th digits have3 phalanges.
1. The Proximal phalanx
The one closest to the body
2. The Middle Phalanx
3. The Distal Phalanx
The one farthest from the body

16. Hand (cont) 2) Metacarpals Each digit has 1 metacarpal
These are the bones of the palm
3) Carpals
These are the 8 small bones in each wrist
Proximal Row
Scaphoid (most common fx)
Articulates with radius
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform (“pea”)
Distal Row
Trapezium
Trapezoid,
Capitate (king of carpals)
Hamate

17. Hand Joints There are 3 main sets of joints in the hand
1) Metacarpal-phalangeal Joint (MCPs)
It is the joint between the metacarpal and proximal phalanx of a digit
5 MCPs joints per hand
2) PIP Joints (Prox. Inter-Phalangeal Joints)
It is the joint between the proximal and middle phalanges
4 PIPs
3. DIP Joints (Distal Inter-phalangeal Joints)
It is the joint between middle and distal phalanges of 2nd-5th fingers (digits)
4 DIPs

18. Hand Joints

21. Quiz-ito-Matching 1. ___ Periosteum 2. ___ Shoulder 3. ___ Synovial
4. ___ Spongy Bone
5. ___ Phalanges
6. ___ Metacarpals
7. ___ Radius
8. ___ Ulna
9. ___ Styloid
10. ___ Olecranon
A. Location of red marrow
B. The fluid in a joint
C. Outer layer of all bones
D. Bones in the palm
E. Gleno-humeral joint
F. Finger Bones
G. Large “hook” on prox ulna
H. “Ball” on distal ulna
I. Supports the hand
J. Medial bone of forearm

22. The Forearm (Antebrachial Region)
There are 2 bones in forearm
They stretch from the elbow to the wrist.
1) The Ulna
The MEDIAL bone
It is the main bone of the elbow joint, but plays little role in the wrist joint
Prominent Features:
The Styloid- “ball” on side of wrist
The Olecranon- large“hook” on proximal ulna that fits into humerus
2) Radius
The LATERAL bone
Responsible for turning of arm
Pronate “Prone” turns palm toward the ground
Supinate “Supine” turns palm toward the air
The radius plays minor role in elbow joint, but is the main supporting bone of wrist

24. Elbow Joint
Formed by the Olecranon of the Ulna articulating with the Olecranon cavity of the Humerus
Radius is near joint but is not responsible for flexion/extension of elbow joint

26. The Humerus (Brachial Region)
The bone of the arm.
Prominent Features
The Humeral head
Ball ‘N Socket joint of the shoulder
The Surgical Neck
Skinny part distal to the head
Olecranon Cavity
Opening of distal Humerus where Olecranon of Ulna fits into

27. Shoulder Joint Comprised of two bones
Head of Humerus articulating with the:
Glenoid Cavity of Scapula
Most common dislocation joint

28. Scapula Shoulder Blade
DOES NOT ARTICULATE with the ribs; floats on them
Prominent Features
The Scapular Spine
Large “mountain range” on the posterior aspect
The Acromium-
“peninsula” at end of spine on superior aspect
Articulates with clavicle
Body- the main part of scapula

29. Scapula

30. Clavicle The Collar Bone
IT IS THE ONLY UPPER EXTREMITY BONE TO ARTICULATE WITH THE THORAX
Easy to break

32. Lower Extremity
Phalanges to Pelvis

33. Feet Med Terms Pedo/Podo= med root for feet
Hallux= med term for Great Toe
Podiatrist= Foot Doctor
Tinea Pedis= Athlete’s Foot (Fungus)
Plantar Fasciitis= inflammation of the plantar fascia, the ligaments on the bottom of foot. (aka “Turf Toe”)
Bunions= inflammation of MTP joint
Flat Feet (ples planus)- condition in which the majority of foot touches ground

34. The Foot Digits numbered 1-5 like feet; Great Toe is #1
The foot has the same 14 phalanges
The foot has 5 metatarsals, not metacarpals

35. The Foot

36. The Foot The Tarsals 1. Cuboid 2. Scaphoid (Navicular)
3. Medial Cuneiform
4. Middle Cuneiform
5. Lateral Cuneiform
6. Calcaneus
Heel Bone
Largest of tarsal
Site of attachment of Achilles Tendon
7. Talus
Sits atop the calcaneus
It is it the (distal) bone of the ankle joint.

38. Foot Joints Metatarsal-phalangeal joint (MTP) instead of MCP.
PIP and DIP joints

39. Ankle Joint Made up of: Medial and Lateral Malleoli
Tibia and Fibula (prox)
Talus (distal)
Medial and Lateral Malleoli
These are the balls on your ankles

40. Bimalleolar fracture
Fracture of both the lateral and medial malleoli

42. Ankle Sprain & Fractures
Sprain vs Fracture
Sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments over a joint
Fracture is a break in the bone

43. The Lower Leg (Fibular, Crural and Sural Regions)
Tibia (Shin Bone)
The medial bone
The main weight-bearing bone of lower leg
Fibula (Calf Bone)
The lateral bone

45. Knee Joint Comprised of Femur, Tibia, Fibula, and Patella
Femur and tibia are responsible for flexion/extension of joint.

46. Knee Joint
There are 4 very strong ligaments that keep the joint in place
ACL and PCL are inside the joint
MCL and LCL on exterior to support the joint from dislocating laterally
Knee Meniscus
Cushy pads b/t tibia and femur

47. Femur (Thigh Bone) Strongest, longest bone in the body
Prominent Features
Head of Femur
Round part that fits into pelvis
Neck of Femur
Site of fx
Greater Trochanter
Large “peninsula” on lateral aspect

49. Hip Joint
The hip joint is the head of femur fitting into Acetabulum of Pelvis
Acetabulum is a very deep cavity in the pelvis.

50. Need to know for Quiz
Locate the phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius, ulna, humerus, scapula, clavicle, foot phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, tibia, fibula, and femur
Prominent features to know: Styloid Process, Olecranon Process, Radial Head, Scapular Spine, Acromial Process, Malleoli, Greater Trochanter
Know what bones make up the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee, and hip joints
Name of hand and foot joints (MCP vs MTP; PIPs, DIPs)
Bonus: each of the 8 carpals and 7 tarsals; 15 bonus points!!!