1. Hierarchy of structure in Animals
Cells are the basic unit of life.
A collection of many types specialized cells form tissue (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve)
organs are composed of different tissues working together to perform a function
- one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function create a organ system
All of these organ systems create an organism

2. Connective Tissue Supports, binds and connects other tissues
Examples include:
Tendon (connect muscles to bones)
Ligaments (connect bones to bones)
Bones
Cartilage
Fat or Adipose
Blood
Plasma
pale coloured liquid containing dissolved substances
Red blood cells
contain hemoglobin to help it deliver oxygen from lungs to the body
White blood cells
protect the body from bacteria and viruses
Platelets
help in blood clotting

3. Epithelial Tissue Contains sheets of tightly packed cells
Found outside the body and lines body cavity
Acts as a barrier to protect internal structures
Two types of epithelial tissue:
Covering and Lining epithelium
covers the outside surfaces of the body and lines internal organs
Glandular epithelium
forms glands that secrete hormones, enzymes and sweat

4. Muscle Tissue
Individual cells are long and capable of considerable elongation / contraction
Three types:
Skeletal muscles
Movement of limbs
Voluntary muscles
Individual cell called a fibre
Multinucleated (each cell has more than 1 nucleus)
Smooth muscles
Found in walls of organs like blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder
Involuntary muscles
One nucleus per cell
Cardiac muscles
Found in heart only
Involuntary muscle

5. Nervous Tissue Made up of nerve cells called neurons
Non-regenerating (cannot re-form)
Receives impulses from inside or outside the body and transmits them through out the body
Uses electrochemical signals to carry out its functions

6. Animal Organ Systems Circulatory Muscular Digestive Nervous Endocrine
Tissues unite to form organs
Organs unite to form organ systems
Animal Organ Systems
Circulatory
Muscular
Digestive
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Excretory (Urinary)
Respiratory
Skeletal
Integumentary
Lymphatic (Immune)

7. Circulatory System Functions
Moves oxygen from the lungs to all the body cells
Moves carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs
Moves nutrients from the small intestine to the body cells
Moves waste materials from the body cells to the kidneys and skin
Major Structures
Heart
– the pump
2. Blood
– fluid in which materials are transported
3. Blood Vessels
– tubes to carry the blood
Things to label
Arteries
Veins
Lungs
Co2, o2
Heart
Capillaries o2 out co2 in

8. The Heart
Composed of cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue and connective tissue
Frequency of heart beat depends on your physical activity level and other factors (stress, general health, etc)
Did you know…
Your circulatory system is about 60,000 miles long
Your heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in the average lifetime
the human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.
Cardiac muscle; unlike other muscle tissue in the body contracts all at the same time. This allows the blood to be pumped out at regulated rate

9. The heart is a muscular pump that supplies blood to all parts of the body.
The heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atrium, and the left and
right ventricles.
The artia collect blood from the body and the ventricles send blood to the body.
Deoxygenated blood return to the right side of the heart from the lower extremities
via the inferior vena cava and from the upper via the superior vena cava.
The right side of the heart is responsible for collecting deoxygenated blood from the body and sending it to the lungs.
The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body
via the aorta.

10. The Blood
Blood is a type of connective tissue that circulates through your body, it consists of 4 components:
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Platelets
Plasma
Did you know…
- It takes about 20 seconds for a RBC to circulate the entire body
RBC: hemoglobin allowing them to transport oxygen throught the body about 50%
WBC: infection fighting cells 1% of volume
-platelets help in blood clotting less than 1%
Plasma protein rich liquid that carries the blood cells along (about 50%)

11. The Vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Because the heart generates a lot of pressure when pumping blood through the body the walls of the arteries are thicker than the other vessels
Veins carry blood toward the heart.
arteries and veins are linked together by capillaries
Capillaries is where the gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the lungs diffuses from the blood to the surrounding tissues and CO2 and other wastes pass from the body to the blood to be carried out for disposal
Arteries carry blood away. Because the heart generates a lot of pressure when pumping blood through the body the walls of the arteries are thicker than the other vessels
Veins carry blood toward the heart.
-arteries and veins are linked together by capillaries
Capillaries is where the gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the lungs diffuses from the blood to the surrounding tisuesa dn Co2 and other wastes pass from the body to the blood to be carried out for disposal

12. Arteries are commonly defined as carriers of oxygenated blood and veins as
carriers of deoxygenated blood. This does not always hold true.
The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
A more accurate definition for an artery and vein is:
arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood towards the heart.

13. Digestive System Functions Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food
Removes wastes
Maintains water and chemical balances
Major Structures
Mouth
Throat
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine

14. Digestion
Mechanical digestion occur when your teeth rip, tear and grind the food
Chemical digestion occurs when the food is mixed with saliva produced by the
salivary glands.
Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the chemical digestions of
carbohydrates.
The mechanical and chemical digestion of the food results in the formation of bolus.

15. Once you swallow, food travel down your esophagus.
The food then enters the stomach passing through the cardiac sphincter.
In the stomach the food is broken down further through mechanical and chemical digestion.
Mechanical digestion is aided by stomach muscles and chemical digestion by hydrochloric acid and enzymes, which initiate protein digestion.
The contents of the stomach is liquefied into a pasty substance known as chyme.

16. Once broken down, the chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter into the S.I.
by the process of wave like contractions known as peristalsis.
The majority of digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestines.
From the small intestines the food passes into the large intestines where a large
amount of water is reabsorb by the body.
The remaining unabsorbed material known as feces or stool passes through the
rectum and exits the body through the anus.