1. Unit 1: Cells and Systems

2. I. Cell Theory All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells are reproduced from other cells.
Organelles: smaller structures within cells that carry on life functions.

3. Cells can be described as being:
Unicellular: describes a single-celled living thing.
Multicellular: describes a living thing made up of many cells.
Both unicellular and multicellular things are called organisms.

4. II. Two main types of Cells
Cells are classified as either: Prokaryotic cells or Eukaryotic cells

5. Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells have organelles that are NOT bound by membranes and are unicellular
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus

6. Bacteria
smallest and simplest form of life and is an example of a prokaryotic cell; i.e. it has no nucleus
single cells range from 1 nm to 20 nm long
single large DNA strand
Three main types:
bacilli (rod-shaped)
spirilla (spiral-shaped)
cocci (sphere-shaped)

7. Bacteria - Harmful vs. Helpful
bacteria cause disease by invading the bodies of other organisms and interfering with normal cell functions.
Food spoilage
Helpful
food production (yogurt, sourdough bread, cheese)
tanning leather
cleaning up environmental spills
aids our digestive system
Used to produce medicine such as insulin

8. Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have organelles that are surrounded by membranes
Examples: Plant and Animal Cells

9. III. Cell Structures

10. Parts of the Cell Three Major Cell Parts
Cell Membrane – thin flexible structure that surrounds the cell. It protects the cell by separating the cell’s insides from the environment. Regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Nucleus - “brain” of the cell. Controls functions of the cell. Contains genetic information – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 
Cytoplasm – Jelly-like fluid that holds the other organelles in place. Found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. This is where many chemical reactions take place within the cell.

11. Other Major Organelles:
Endoplasmic reticulum – Holds the ribosomes in place. It is a network of flattened tubes that transport proteins within the cell to the Golgi Body.
Ribosome – manufacture proteins, the building blocks for structures in the cell.  
Golgi Body – sorts and packages proteins in membrane- wrapped structures called vesicles.
Mitochondria – converts the energy stored in food into usable energy for the cell (the “powerhouse”) - this happens through a process called cellular respiration

12. Vesicles/ Vacuoles - Storage containers for waste
Vesicles/ Vacuoles - Storage containers for waste. They are the mail/transport system in and out of the cell. The carry proteins, nutrients, and water. Vesicles are much smaller than vacuole.
Lysosomes – contain digestive chemicals that break down food particles, cell wastes, and worn-out cell parts.
Nucleolus - Controls the ribosomes.

13. Plant Cell

14. Plant Cell Structures
Cell Wall - rigid outer wall that provides protection, support and shape. Contains pores to allow substances to pass.
Central Vacuole - Although all cells have vacuoles, plant cells have one LARGE vacuole in the centre. It stores water and gives the plant structure
Chloroplast - Contains green pigment chlorophyll. Traps energy from the sun and changes it into chemical energy for the cell – this process is called photosynthesis.