1. Module 4 Comparative Advantage & Trade

2. What you will learn in this Module
How trade leads to gains for an individual or an economy
The difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage
How comparative advantage leads to gains from trade in the global marketplace

3. We Gain from Trade. No Question About It!
Can you make everything you need to sustain your lifestyle?
NOOOOOOOOOOOO!!
People are better off from trade ~ or providing goods and services to others & receiving goods and services in return
You get more that way than if you tried to be self sufficient and do it all yourself
WHY? A word called specialization….
An economy can produce more as a whole when each person specializes and in a task and trades with others for what she is not good at producing….

4. We Gain from Trade. No Question About It! Activity
Get with your Econ Buddy. Talk to each other and figure out 3 things each of you do better than the other. Choose one each that would mutually benefit you both. Assign a value to whatever it is you and your buddy are trading for
Explain how it would be beneficial to you to trade.
What is this called in economic terms?
Have you ever traded household chores with siblings? Other friends? .
An economy can produce more as a whole when each person specializes and in a task and trades with others for what she is not good at producing….

5. Give examples of how individuals and businesses specialize
What is Specialization?
Devotion of resources to a task
What is Division of labor?
Splitting up work into smaller tasks
With a partner, pick a service that requires specialization give examples of HOW a business or individual specializes. Explain or draw below the specialization and the division of labor of your service.

6. Comparative vs. Absolute Advantage
Comparative advantage:
who has the lower opportunity cost?
Absolute advantage:
a person or economy can produce more of a good or service with a given amount of time and resources than another
Comparative Advantage leads nations to trade with each other P Figure 4.3

7. Production Possibilities for Bangladesh & USA

8. Cotton Shirts or Malaria Medicine?
Will these two countries gain from trade if 100 units of malaria medicine are traded for 200 cotton shirts? To find out:
1. Calculate the opportunity costs of production for each country
2. Determine the comparative advantage for each country
3. Determine if the terms of trade are mutually beneficial
Bangladesh
United States
Cotton Shirts (C)
Malaria Medicine (M)

9. Cotton Shirts or Malaria Medicine?
Will these two countries gain from trade if 100 units of malaria medicine are traded for 200 cotton shirts? To find out:
1. Calculate the opportunity costs of production for each country
2. Determine the comparative advantage for each country
3. Determine if the terms of trade are mutually beneficial
Bangladesh
United States
Cotton Shirts (C)
750C = 250M
1C = 1/3M
1000C =1000M
1C = 1M
Malaria Medicine (M)
250M = 750C
1M = 3C
1000M =1000C
1M = 1C

10. What is the Opportunity Cost?
Will these two countries gain from trade if 100 units of malaria medicine are traded for 200 cotton shirts? To find out:
1. Calculate the opportunity costs of production for each country
2. Determine the comparative advantage for each country
3. Determine if the terms of trade are mutually beneficial
Bangladesh
United States
Cotton Shirts (C)
750C = 250M
1C = 1/3M
1000C =1000M
1C = 1M
Malaria Medicine (M)
250M = 750C
1M = 3C
1000M =1000C
1M = 1C
The United States has a comparative advantage in Malaria Medicine (M) because they only give up 1 cotton shirt while Bangladesh must give up 3 cotton shirts to gain 1 unit of medicine.
Bangladesh has a comparative advantage in Cotton Shirts (C) because they only give up 1/3 unit of medicine while The United States must give up 1 unit of medicine to gain 1 cotton shirt.

11. Mutually Beneficial Trade: Both Countries Must Gain
Pretend the numbers came out differently.
Instead of for Bangladesh 1 cotton shirt to 1/3 medicine, it came out 1 Cotton shirt to 2/3 medicine. Is the trade still beneficial? Explain.
And instead of for the USA, 1 medicine to 1 cotton shirt, it came out 1 medicine to 2 cotton shirts. Is the trade still beneficial? Explain.
Bangladesh
United States
Cotton Shirts (C)
1C = 2/3M
1C = 1M
Malaria Medicine (M)
1M = 3C
1M = 2C

12. Mutually Beneficial Trade: Both Countries Gain
The terms of trade are mutually beneficial as long as they are between the two countries’ opportunity costs.
Instead of for Bangladesh 1 cotton shirt to 1/3 medicine, it came out 1 Cotton shirt to 2/3 medicine. Is the trade still beneficial? Explain. Any amount of medicine greater than 1/3 and less than 1 traded for 1 cotton shirt would represent mutually beneficial terms of trade.
And instead of for the USA, 1 medicine to 1 cotton shirt, it came out 1 medicine to 2 cotton shirts. Is the trade still beneficial? Explain. Any number of cotton shirts greater than 1 and less than 3 traded for 1 unit of medicine would represent mutually beneficial terms of trade.
Bangladesh
United States
Cotton Shirts (C)
1C = 2/3M
1C = 1M
Malaria Medicine (M)
1M = 3C
1M = 2C

13. Mutually Beneficial Trade: Both Countries Gain
Calculate the opportunity costs of production for each country.
2. Determine the comparative advantage for each country
3. Determine if the terms of trade are mutually beneficial
Tom
Hank
Fish
Coconuts

14. Mutually Beneficial Trade: Both Countries Gain
Calculate the opportunity costs of production for each worker.
2. Determine the comparative advantage for each worker.
3. Determine if the terms of trade are mutually beneficial
Tom
Hank
Fish
40F = 30Co
10F = 20Co
Coconuts
30Co = 40F
20Co = 10F

15. Comparative Advantage & Gains from Trade
The story of Tom & Hank p. 24 figure 4.1
Can both produce fish & coconuts? Sure
Can each specialize in what they do best & trade for the rest? Definitely
Every fish Tom catches he gives up ¾ of a coconut
Every fish Hank catches he gives up 2 coconuts
Who is better at catching fish?
Tom (table 4.2 & figure 4.2)
Hank has a higher opportunity cost than Tom if he catches fish. Tom should fish & trade with Hank for the coconuts.

16. Activity: Fish ‘n’ Chips

17. Review for Section 1 Test Basic Economic Concepts
Congratulations! You made it through the first section of AP Macroeconomics.
The test will have multiple choice questions and 2 free response questions.
The test is short so know your stuff!!
Best Success! 