1. Week 2: Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Unit 6: Human Body
Week 2: Skeletal and Muscular Systems

2. SC Standards SC Standards
Standard 7.L.3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how the levels of organization within organisms support the essential functions of life.
7.L.3B Conceptual Understanding: Multicellular organisms (including humans) are complex systems with specialized cells that perform specific functions. Organs and organ systems are composed of cells that function to serve the needs of cells which in turn serve the needs of the organism.
7.L.3B.2: Construct explanations for how systems in the human body (including circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems) work together to support the essential life functions of the body.
S.1A.6: Construct explanations of phenomena using (1) primary or secondary scientific evidence and models, (2) conclusions from scientific investigations, (3) predictions based on observations and measurements, or (4) data communicated in graphs, tables, or diagrams

3. SC Objectives
It is essential that students construct explanations for how systems in the human body (including circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems) work together to support the essential life functions of the body.
It is essential for the student to be able to understand the basic form and function of each of the following body systems as well as the interrelationships that occur between systems to ensure the survival of the organism.

4. Week 2 Schedule Monday: Lesson 3 Skeletal System Homework P254-261
Tuesday:
Lesson 4 Muscular System
Homework: P
Wednesday
Worksheet
Thursday:
Lab From Last week
Friday:
Quiz/Lab

5. Bell Work What is homeostasis?
How many body systems are there and what are they?
Name and describe two systems and how they help to maintain homeostasis.
Take out your text books, so I can check your homework from last week.
Don’t forget to turn in your note packet from last week.
Make sure that the worksheet from Friday is added to your note packet!!!!!!!!!!!!

6. Main Functions of Bones
5 Major Functions
Shape and support
Enables movement
Protects organs
Produces blood cells
Storage

7. Shape and Support 206 Different Bones in the adult body
Vertebral Column
26 small bones
Make up your back bone

8. Movement and Protection
Skeleton allows you to move
Bones are associated with muscles
Protect vital organs
Ribs protect heart and lungs
Skull protects the brain

9. Production and Storage
Produces blood cells
Stores nutrients and calcium
When needed bones release stored minerals

10. Joints Joints: allow bones to move in different directions
Types of Joints
Immovable: connect bones, but allows minimal or no movement
Example: Skull
Movable: joints are held together by ligaments
Ligaments: are strong connective tissue

11. Types of Movable Joints
Hinge Joints: these joints have forward and backward movements
Example: Finger, Knee
Ball and Socket: these joints offer the greatest range of motion
Example: Hip and Shoulder
Gliding Joint: allows one bone to glide of the other
Pivot Joint: allows bones to rotate around each other
Example: Neck

12. Types of Movable Joints

13. Characteristics
Complex living structures that grow develop, and repair themselves
Strong and light weight

14. Parts of the Bone
Compact Bone: hard and dense, not solid, contains minerals
Spongy bone: light weight and strong
Marrow:
Red Bone Marrow: Found in spongy bone produces red blood cells
Yellow Bone Marrow: Found in middle of the bone stores fat
Outer Membrane: covers the bone

15. Parts of the Bone

16. Strength & Development
Strong and light weight
20% of an average adult’s weight
Made of phosphorus and calcium
Growth
They grown and makes you taller
Even as an adult your are always making new bone

17. Development When bone most bones are cartilage
Cartilage is strong connective tissue that is more flexible then bone
As you grow most cartilage disappears, but stays at the ends for protection

18. What are the parts of the bone?
What are the major joints in the body?
How do the major joints in the body move?

19. Lesson 4: Muscular system
Unit 6: Human Body
Lesson 4: Muscular system

20. Bell Work
Alternately bend and straighten your arms or legs while feeling the muscles in the front and the back. Write down what you feel when the limb is straightened and what you feel when the limb is bent.
What are the parts of the bone and what are their functions?

21. Skeletal and Muscular Systems
The skeletal and muscular systems enable movement and provide support for tissues and organs.
Bones and muscles work together to make movement possible.
The ability to move increases the chance of survival by allowing a person to gather food, seek shelter, and escape from danger.

22. Appendicular skeleton – bones of arms and legs
 Parts of the Skeleton
Axial skeleton – supports the central axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton – bones of arms and legs

23. Cartilage
Cartilage -Cells are scattered in a network of protein fibers that are tough collagen and flexible elastin.
Cartilage does not contain blood vessels.
Cartilage cells must rely on nutrients from the tiny blood vessels in surrounding tissues.
Cartilage is dense and fibrous, it can support weight, despite its extreme flexibility

24. Ossification
Ossification -Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of bone formation
Osteoblasts create bone.
Osteocytes maintain the cellular activities of bone.
Osteoclasts break down bone
Force must be placed on bone for ossification to occur, because it is force that stimulates the osteoblasts to secrete the minerals that replace cartilage

25. Bone Formation Bone formation occurs in babies and children
Seven months before birth cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
When a person grows, the growth plates are lengthening in the long bones
When you stop growing, those growth plates are then filled in with bone
Adults do retain some cartilage
Tip of nose, ears, where ribs attach to the sternum

26. Repair of Bones
Bone formation also occurs when a bone is broken
Osteoclasts remove damaged bone tissue
Osteoblasts produce new bone tissue
The repair of a broken bone can take months because the process is slow and gradual

27. Tendons and Ligaments Tendons attach muscles to bones.
When muscles contract, tendons pull on bones to cause movement.
LIGAMENTS – strip of tough connective tissue that hold bones together
Synovial fluid – lubricates the ends so bones can slide past each other smoothly

28. Opposing Muscles in the Arms

29. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones
Skeletal muscles are responsible for such voluntary movements as typing on a computer keyboard, dancing, or winking an eye
When viewed under a microscope at high magnification, skeletal muscle appears to have alternating light and dark bands or stripes called striations. For this reason, skeletal muscle is sometimes called striated muscle
Most skeletal muscles are controlled by the central nervous system.

30. Smooth Muscles Smooth muscles are usually not under voluntary control
A smooth muscle cell is spindle-shaped, has one nucleus, and is not striated
Smooth muscles are found in hollow structures such as the stomach, blood vessels, and the small and large intestines
Smooth muscles move food through your digestive tract, control the way blood flows through your circulatory system, and decrease the size of the pupils of your eyes in bright light.

31. Cardiac Muscle 
Cardiac muscle is found in just one place in the body—the heart
The prefix cardio- comes from a Greek word meaning “heart.”
Cardiac muscle is striated like skeletal muscle, although its cells are smaller.
Cardiac muscle cells usually have one nucleus, but they may have two.
Cardiac muscle is similar to smooth muscle because it is usually not under the direct control of the central nervous system

32. Review Questions
What do you think is a better model of a bone, a stick of chalk or a sponge?
The chalk may look more like a bone but the sponge shows what the structure actually looks like inside.
What do you think might happen to the bones that are not exposed to force, such as the bones of astronauts in zero gravity?
The bones would lose minerals because of lack of force exerted on them, so they become weaker
How do body builders get muscles that increase in size?