1. Globalization

2. What is it?
The integration of markets, production, and distribution networks beyond national and regional boundaries

3. History of Globalization
16th Spain
17th Netherlands
18th France
19th Britain
20th USA
21st ???—no one country will ever again be the dominant focus of the entire century.

4. Global Economic Alliances
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 1960 – Mostly Arab and Muslim members (1970s hit hard due to embargo)
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947 – unrestricted global trade signed by noncommunist nations
WTO (World Trade Organization) 1995

5. Regional Trading Alliances (shared political and economic interests to promote trade)
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 1967
EC (European Community) 1967
EU (European Union) 1993
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 1994

6. Human Rights
United Nations – Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (160 nations took, only 30 have a good record)
Amnesty International 1978 (over 1 million supporters in over 140 countries –independent and impartial)

8. Consumerism
Consumerism – People want more than they need (local taste vs homogenization)
“Americanization” or “McDonaldization” threatens local cultures

13. Technology Closing the communication gap E-Mail
Internet – “Vehicle for cultural imperialism”
Some countries adapt new technology while opposing cultural interference (firewalls)
Advances in science (physics, psychology, stem-cell research, cloning, etc…)

14. Demography 20th Century has a vast increase in the population
“Warning to Humanity” 1992 – There is a finite supply of physical resources, and we are on a collision course.
Reducing birth rates has become a concern in many countries (WHO - World Health Organization assists in family-planning)

15. Migration Combination of “push” or “pull” factors
Internal Migration (Rural to Urban) – 75% of the world population is urban
Problems of Internal Migration – Shanty towns and barrios
External Migration ( Long distance migration)
Most external migration is from developing countries to industrial societies
Migrant communities (maintain social customs and native languages)
Tourism

16. Environment Pollution levels increase
Biodiversity – maintenance of multiple species of plants and animals (urbanization is a HUGE threat)
Global Warming – rise of global temperature caused by atmospheric pollution, cow farts)
Kyoto Conference 1997 (reduce emissions, but not in developing countries)

17. International Organizations
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Red Cross
Greenpeace
Doctors Without Borders
International Governmental Organizations
The United Nations

18. The Future?????
Who knows?
Globalization affected all of the major global events in the 20th century
Is there a convergence of cultures in the 21st century?