1. 3-3 Cycles of Matter

2. Recycling in the Biosphere
Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
Biogeochemical cycles –process in which matter is passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another.

3. The Water Cycle
The continuous cycle of water moving between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
Evaporation – process of water changing from a liquid to a gas.
Transpiration – process of water leaving plant leaves and going into the atmosphere.

4. The Water Cycle Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
This diagram shows the main processes involved in the water cycle. Scientists estimate that it can take a single water molecule as long as 4000 years to complete one cycle.

5. Water Cycle Rap

6. Nutrient Cycles
Nutrients – substances an organism needs to sustain life.
Every organism must have nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.
The carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycle are important in passing nutrients through an ecosystem

7. The Carbon Cycle 4 processes that move carbon cycle:
Biological Processes (photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition)
Geochemical Processes (erosion and volcanic activity)
Mixed Biogeochemical Processes (decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion to coal & fossil fuels)
Human activities (mining, cutting and burning forests, burning fossil fuels)

8. Carbon Cycle CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Carbonate Rocks
Photosynthesis
Volcanic activity
feeding
Respiration
Erosion
Human activity
Respiration
Decomposition
CO2 in Ocean
Uplift
Carbon is found in several large reservoirs in the biosphere. In the atmosphere, it is found as carbon dioxide gas; in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide; on land in organisms, rocks, and soil; and underground as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock. 
Deposition
Photosynthesis
feeding
Fossil fuel
Deposition
Carbonate Rocks

9. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is used to make amino acids.
Nitrogen gas makes up 78% atmosphere
But this is not usable
So how does it all work then?

10. The Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen goes through five main processes in the cycle
Nitrification
Assimilation
Nitrogen Fixation
Ammonification
Denitrification

11. Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting Nitrogen gas into ammonia for use in the soil.
It can accrue naturally in the ecosystem by bacteria
Or created synthetically by industries and fertilizers

12. Nitrification
Ammonia can be taken up directly by plants usually through their roots
However most of the ammonia is converted into nitrates
Achieved by autotrophic bacteria

13. Assimilation
Assimilation is the process of plants taking in nitrogen from the soil
They absorb the nitrogen through there roots from either ammonium or nitrate ions
Animals then eat these plants and absorb the nitrogen

14. Ammonification
When plants or animals die, or the animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic
Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen back to ammonium and back into the soil.

15. Denitrification Denitrification reduces nitrates to nitrogen gas
This replenishes the atmosphere
This process is created by bacteria that live deep in soil and aquatic sediment

16. Nitrogen Cycle

17. Nitrogen Cycle NH3 N2 in Atmosphere NO3 and NO2
Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
The atmosphere is the main reservoir of nitrogen in the biosphere. Nitrogen also cycles through the soil and through the tissues of living organisms. 
Decomposition, excretion
Decomposition, excretion
Bacterial nitrogen fixation
NO3 and NO2
NH3

18. The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus remains mostly on land, in rock and soil minerals and in ocean sediments.
Phosphorus moves through the food web in order to cycle. (see Figure 3-15)

19. Phosphorus Cycle Organisms Land Ocean Sediments
Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.
NO MOVEMENT THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE!!!
Organisms
Phosphorus in the biosphere cycles among the land, ocean sediments, and living organisms.
Land
Ocean
Sediments

20. Large percentage of the phosphate washes into water
Plants and algae utilize the phosphate as nutrients
Limiting agent in the growth of plants and algae

21. Human Inputs Come from synthetic fertilizers Sewage treatment plants
Plants unable to utilize the phosphate
Lost through water run-off
Feed lots of animals lead to excessive run-off into streams
Sewage treatment plants
Without an expensive tertiary treatment, phosphate is not removed and leads to extra phosphate in the water

22. Nutrient Limitation
Primary Productivity – the rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem.
Limiting Nutrient – a nutrient that limits the growth of organisms.
Fertilizers help increase this nutrient and increase productivity.
Algal Bloom – immediate increase in the amount of algae because of an increase in limiting nutrient.