1. International Cargo Transportation and Insurance
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2. ‘he Hague-Visby Rules The Hamburg Rules
I Bills of Lading
1. Laws of Bills of Lading
The Harter Act
The Hague Rules
‘he Hague-Visby Rules
The Hamburg Rules
Maritime Code of the People’ s Republic of China
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3. 2. Characteristics of the Bills of Lading The Receipt Character
Evidence of the Contract of Carriage by Sea
The Bill of Lading as a Document of Title
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4. 3. Carrier’s Duties under a Bill of Lading
(1)To Exercise Due Diligence to the Ship Seaworthy, before and at the Beginning of the Voyage
(2)To Exercise Due Diligence to Properly and Carefully Loading, Handling, Stowing, Carrying, Keeping, Caring for, and Discharging the Goods Carried
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5. II Marine Cargo Insurance
1. Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates
The marine insurance policies or certificates from part of the shipping documents. Regard shall in particular be had to floating policy, open cover policy and blanket policy.
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6. 2. Perils and Losses (1)Perils
①Perils of the sea. This include natural calamities and fortuitous accidents, such as weather, thunder and lightning, tidal wave, earthquake, floods, ship stranded, striking upon the rocks, ship sinking, ship collision, colliding with ice-bergs, fire, explosion, etc.
②Extraneous risks. This cover theft, rain, shortage, leakage, breakage, dampness, etc. They may include special risks, such as war risks, strikes, non-de-‘ery of cargo, refusal to receive cargo, etc.
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7. (2)Losses
①Total loss.
This loss can either be actual total loss where vessel or cargo are totally and irretrievably lost, or constructive total loss in a case where the ship or the goods have been abandoned because the cost of salvage or recovery would have been out of proportion to the value.
②Partial loss. This means the loss to the goods is only partial. In case of partial loss a fine distinction is drawn between particular average and general average.
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