1. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Fire– rapid oxidation of a combustible material – heat and light are emitted in the process Flame– visible light-emitting part of a fire – complete combustion blue color – incomplete combustion yellow color Bunsen burner (1)yellow flame, air closed 900 °C … (5) blue flame, air open 1600 °C Bunsen burner flames

2. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Flames from a charcoal fire 750-1200 °C Candle flame 1100 °C Incandescence is the emission of visible light from a hot body due to its temperature. – means to glow white – heat and light are emitted in the process – incomplete combustion yellow color

3. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Incandescence produces a blackbody spectrum of energy: – described by the Planck function – light output is only a function of temperature, T – the higher T, the more light out – the higher T, the peak shifts to the blue – our SUN (T=6000K) and stars are perfect blackbody radiators

4. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Tungsten (Incandescent) Light Bulbs – tungsten filament – resistive to the flow of electrical current – electrical energy converted to thermal energy – filament heats up, incandesces (emits light) 1.Outline of Glass bulb 2.Low pressure inert gas (argon, neon, nitrogen) 3.Tungsten filament 4.Contact wire (goes out of stem) 5.Contact wire (goes into stem) 6.Support wires 7.Stem (glass mount) 8.Contact wire (goes out of stem) 9.Cap (sleeve) 10.Insulation (vitrite)vitrite 11.Electrical contact Reference

5. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Tungsten (Incandescent) Light Bulbs Incandescent Light Bulb 1700-3000 °C A19 style, Edison base

6. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Automotive Incandescent Light Bulbs H3 H4P27R5WP21 Sealed Beam Non-Sealed Beam Dome Light

7. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Tungsten-halogen Bulb 2500-3100 °C filament 400-1000 °C bulb wall Sources of Light Tungsten-halogen Light Bulbs – tungsten filament – trace amount of halogen vapor, iodine or bromine – bulb made of fused quartz, >1atm pressure – tungsten deposited back onto the filament (halogen cycle)halogen cycle – longer lifetime of the filament

8. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Tungsten bulbs: Light output – watts or lumens? – we see lumens, not watts New labeling by 2011 Brightness

9. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Tungsten bulbs: Light output – a 100W light tungsten bulb converts only 10W into visible light – 90 watts are wasted as heat – need more efficient sources of light – the sale of tungsten light bulbs will be banned in the US by the year 2014 or ? CFL LED

10. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 LED – Light Emitting Diode – solid-state, semiconductor p-n junction – GaAs, AlGaAs, GaP, AlGaInP, GaN, InGaN,etc. – White light : Blue or UV diode w/ yellow phosphor – 3mm, 5mm, or 8mm dia. plastic packages Sources of Light Low-Power LEDs 1-20mA of electrical current on/off indicators High-power LEDs 500mA to >1A Lumileds, Osram, Cree Lighting!! Replace incandescent bulbs

11. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light LED – Light Emitting Diode

12. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Fluorescent Lampold style - tube is typically straight, 1.5-8 ft. long - tube filled with low-pressure Hg vapor - pressure 0.3% atmospheric - inner surface coated with a fluorescent coating - use large, heavy magnetic ballasts Sources of Light Output spectrum of a typical cool-white lamp

13. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Compact Fluorescent Lamp CFLnew style - tube is a shaped in a spiral - inner surface coated with a fluorescent coating - use lightweight, electronic ballast - standard Edison screw base (replaces light bulbs) - long-term cost savings compared to tungsten light bulbs - very little heat produced compared to tungsten light bulbs - lifetime depends on how you use it…. ?

14. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Arc Lights - 2 electrodes separated by a small gap containing a gas - flow of electricity between the electrodes ionizes the gas - light produced from the ionized gas Carbon-rod electrodes, air gap, no glass housing: Carbon Arc Lamp (no longer used, historical) arch arc Tungsten electrodes, quartz envelope, gas: neon, argon, xenon, krypton, mercury, metal halide High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

15. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Type of HID Lamps 15 kW xenon arc lamp used in the IMAX projection system Mercury arc lamp used in a fluorescence microscope Commercial lighting Automotive headlights

16. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Comparison of light output: Type of LampLumens / WattLifetime (hours) 100W Tungsten17.5750-1000 100W Tungsten Halogen 16-24 1500-3000 Fluorescent33-100 7500-20,000 Compact Fluorescent 46-75 6000-15000 Low-Pressure Sodium 100-200 16,000 High-Pressure Sodium 85-15018,000-24,000 Metal Halide (HID) 65-1156000-10,000 LED 55-82 25,000-100,000 High-Power LEDs> 105 (year 2009)> 20,000 (current record…)208 @ 350mA (2/2010)> 20,000

17. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Sources of Light Automotive LED Headlamp Design

18. Dr. Mike Nofziger 2010 Automotive LED Headlamps !!!!! Sources of Light Ichikoh Industries (AFS) system Toyota Prius Lexus LS 600h