1. How aspect is used in the tenses

2. Summary of Tenses Present Present, instantaneous to gnomic Future
Future, undefined
Imperfect
Past, continuous
Aorist
Past, undefined
Perfect
Completed, present effects

3. Summary of Usages Narrow-band Instantaneous Immediate Progressive
Default
Ingressive
Beginning
Broad-band
Iterative
Repeated
Customary
Habit
Gnomic
No time

4. “Do Not’s”
Nuance on your own
Argue with commentary
Say a translation is wrong

5. Summary of Tenses Present Present, instantaneous to gnomic Future
Future, undefined
Imperfect
Past, continuous
Aorist
Past, undefined
Perfect
Completed, present effects

6. Narrow-Band: Instantaneous
Acts 25:11
“But if there is nothing to their charges against me, no one can give me up to them. I appeal (ἐπικαλοῦμαι) to Caesar” (ESV).

7. Narrow-Band: Progressive
John 4:27
“Just then his disciples returned and were surprised to find him talking with a woman. But no one asked, ‘What do you want (ζητεῖς)?’ or ‘Why are you talking (λαλεῖς) with her?’” (NIV)

8. Broad-Band: Iterative
John 3:26
“They came to John and said to him, ‘Rabbi, that man who was with you on the other side of the Jordan—the one you testified about—look, he is baptizing (βαπτίζει), and everyone is going to him’” (NIV).

9. Broad-Band: Customary
1 John 3:6
NASB: “No one who abides in Him sins (ἁμαρτάνει).”
ESV: “No one who abides in him keeps on sinning.”

10. Broad-Band: Gnomic 1 Cor 1:22
NKJV: “For Jews request (αἰτοῦσιν) a sign, and Greeks seek (ζητοῦσιν) after wisdom.”

11. Special: Historical Present
Matt 26:40
“And he came to the disciples and found them sleeping. And he said (λέγει) to Peter, ‘So, could you not watch with me one hour?’”

12. Summary of Tenses Present Present, instantaneous to gnomic Future
Future, undefined
Imperfect
Past, continuous
Aorist
Past, undefined
Perfect
Completed, present effects

13. Future: Predictive Matt 1:21
“She will give birth to (τέξεται) a son, and you will give him the name Jesus, because he will save (σώσει) his people from their sins.”

14. Future: Imperatival Matt 1:21
“She will give birth to a son, and you will give (καλέσεις) him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins.”

15. Summary of Tenses Present Present, instantaneous to gnomic Future
Future, undefined
Imperfect
Past, continuous
Aorist
Past, undefined
Perfect
Completed, present effects

16. Narrow-Band: Progressive
Matt 3:6
NASB: “They were being baptized (ἐβαπτίζοντο) by him in the Jordan River, as they confessed their sins.”
ESV: “They were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins.”

17. Narrow-Band: Ingressive
Mark 9:20
When Jesus saw the boy, “the spirit threw him into a convulsion, and falling to the ground, he began rolling around (ἐκυλίετο) and foaming at the mouth” (NASB).

18. Broad-Band: Iterative
Matt 27:30
ESV: “And they spit on him and took the reed and struck (ἔτυπτον) him on the head. “
NIV: “They ... struck him on the head again and again.”
HCSB: “They ... kept hitting Him on the head.”
NASB: “They ... began to beat Him on the head.”

19. Broad-Band: Customary
Luke 2:41
“Now his parents went (ἐπορεύοντο) to Jerusalem every year at the Feast of the Passover.”

20. Summary of Tenses Present Present, instantaneous to gnomic Future
Future, undefined
Imperfect
Past, continuous
Aorist
Past, undefined
Perfect
Completed, present effects

21. Constative Aorist Matt 3:17
“This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased (εὐδόκησα).”

22. Ingressive Aorist Rev 20:4
“They came to life (ἔζησαν) and reigned (ἐβασίλευσαν) with Christ for a thousand years.”

23. Consummative Aorist Matt 27:20
NIV: “But the chief priests and the elders persuaded (ἔπεισαν) the crowd to ask for Barabbas and to have Jesus executed.”

24. Gnomic Aorist
Rom 3:23
“All have sinned (ἥμαρτον) and fall short (ὑστεροῦνται) of the glory of God.”

25. Summary of Tenses Present Present, instantaneous to gnomic Future
Future, undefined
Imperfect
Past, continuous
Aorist
Past, undefined
Perfect
Completed, present effects

26. Consummative Perfect John 1:34
“And I have seen (ἑώρακα) and have borne witness (μεμαρτύρηκα) that this is the Son of God.”

27. Intensive Perfect Rom 3:10
“As it is written (γέγραπται): ‘There is no one righteous, not even one.’”

28. Why are we learning this?
Show effect of aspect
Show flexibility of verbal system
Why translations are different
Make sense of better commentaries