1. The World of New France

2. Samuel de Champlain
“Europeans had been crossing the Atlantic since 1000 A.D., and there had been centuries of regular visits to Canada before But it was Champlain who transformed transient contact into a permanent European presence in Canada”
Christopher Moore, Canadian Historian

3. 1604
BACKGROUND
Champlain was a cartographer and enthusiastic explorer in a group led by Sieur de Monts. Colonies were set up in:
Acadia 1604
Port Royal 1606
Quebec 1608

4. ACADIA
1604
Intent on establishing a French colony and permanent trading post
Severe winter led to great suffering for settlers
Malnutrition, cold and isolation
Scurvy and disease caused by a diet lacking vitamin C
Half the expedition died

5. PORT ROYAL 1605 Applied lessons learned from previous year
Built homes more sustainable in a cold winter
Located habitation close to forest
Wood for building materials and firewood
Settlement was abandoned in 1607 and returned to in 1609.

6. Quebec
Champlain became more interested in establishing lasting colony in New France
Colony would serve to Christianize Native peoples
Settlement would offer trade advantage
Belief St. Lawrence would lead to riches of Asia
Decided on site of Quebec because of fertile land and military defense

7. QUEBEC
Champlain met up with local Algonquian and Huron who were eager to trade furs
Alliance was established by gift distribution and feasting
And by helping with Huron attack of the Iroquois in 1609 at Battle of Ticonderoga
European firearms deciding factor
Iroquois lost courage and fled to woods
Established fur trade control for Huron/French
Iroquois developed hatred of French

9. The First Settlers The Truchements/Coureurs-des-Bois
The Frenchmen who came over with Champlain learned survival skills from their native allies
The surviving settlers would start using the skills they learned to live better lives, but also to take part in the fur trade and make money.
They would expand French alliances and territory deep into Canada

12. Montreal
1642
Paul de Chomeday de Maisonneuve establishes Ville-Marie (Montreal today)
Jeanne-Mance & Marguerite Bourgeois
Establishes the first school and hospital in New France with the Ursulines.
Hotel-Dieu hospital still exists today

13. The Fur Trade Beaver fur is soft and pliable, excellent hat material
Demand for more furs meant money for enterprising merchants, but also danger
Few Frenchmen came to hunt, though native allies would often provide furs in exchange for goods.
Thus the king of France started to sell a monopoly on fur trading rights, meaning only those he chose could legally sell beaver pelts.

14. Chronology of the Fur Trade
Date
Ownership of Fur Trade
Role of Aboriginals
Pre- 1604
No monopoly, any European merchant could trade from their ships.
Usually traded beads, mirrors, knives, kettles and blankets
Montagnais traded directly with the French.
Mi’kmaq acted as middlemen, trading with other tribes then the Europeans.
De Gua des Monts hold the monopoly. Had to settle 60 Frenchmen a year as part of its conditions.
Many natives traded illegally with European merchants. Mi’kmaq expand their trade connections.
1608
More or less free trade among French merchants in the colonies.
Huron start taking a bigger role in the Fur Trade
1612
De Monts and Champlain team up and win the monopoly
The Huron are now the major source for French Fur Traders
1627
The Company of 100 associates is given the monopoly
Agrees to settle 200 new people a year.
The Huron form a strong alliance with the company, Jesuits start arriving as part of the deal.

15. The Company of 100 Associates
Founded by Cardinal Richelieu and 99 other French investors
Goal was trade, but also conversion of the natives
The company agreed to bring 4000 settlers over 15 years, as well as sent Jesuit missionaries to convert the natives.
In exchange, they had total control over the land of New France.
No protestants would be allowed into New France (They could not be trusted)

16. Religious Orders Jesuits and Ursulines
Ran education and hospitals in the Colonies and missions
They will write down translations for much of the Algonquin and Huron language
Marie de L’Incarnation, a prominent Ursuline nun, is also one of our best sources for info on New France, as her letters to her son in France explain daily life in the colony.

17. Missionaries
As part of their agreement, the Company of 100 Associates started to bring in Jesuit Missionaries
These missionaries became part of the trade deals between the company and the Natives.
IE: If you wanted European goods, you also had to accept a priest
Rules are passed saying that only converts were allowed to be given muskets
Huron needed to become catholic if they wanted guns/trade.

18. Religious Tensions
Brébeuf and Lalement are two Jesuits who travel to Huronia in 1634.
There they try to convert the Huron to Catholicism
They have limited success
Build a mission house in 1639
Brébeuf writes a dictionary of the Huron language
They have few converts however.
Most of the Huron are happy with their own culture and religion, do not see a reason to change.

19. Religious Clashes “The Black Robes Bring Death”
Influenza and smallpox come with the Jesuits
New diseases kill hundreds, maybe thousands
Natives who converted became outsiders in their own communities
They refused to participate in traditional rituals
Only the converts were given guns

20. Native Wars and European Allies
War between the Huron and the Iroquois have been going for centuries.
After their defeat at the hands of Champlain, the Iroquois found their own European allies, the Dutch and the English.
Dutch/English don’t care about religion, just money
IE: they sell guns to any native who provides them with enough furs, no need to convert.

21. Native Wars and European Allies
Huron were weakened by disease and conflict
Iroquois raids in stop trade and kill Frenchmen
1649 Huronia is attacked and destroyed
Survivors will flee to live near their allies (Algonquin/New France) or are taken as slaves
Brébeuf and Lalemant are tortured to death.

22. Canadian Martyrs
Brébeuf was tortured in several ways but refused to scream or cry out
Cut by razor sharp shells
Nails pulled out
“Baptized” in boiling water
Asked only that his converts/charges be set free
After his death, he was claimed as a Catholic Martyr, and eventually Sainted. His bones are now considered holy relics and kept in a church in Midland, Ontario.

24. More Iroquois problems
Iroquois are still raiding along the coast of the St-Lawrence, attacking the French settlers
1660- Dollard-Des-Ormeaux leads an expeditions to fight the Iroquois before they can attack more of the colonists.
Partial success  Pyric victory
1689- Lachine Massacre
375 colonists are killed by Iroquois in a night raid
French troops will retaliate and destroy several Iroquois villages, killing everyone they see