1. Public Service Delivery
Krzysztof Herbst
Public Service Delivery

2. BASIC TERMS - CORE VALUES

3. Public Service Defining
Services provided by government to its citizens, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of services.
Associated with a social consensus that certain services should be available to all,
Usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors.
Considered essential to modern life. Their universal provision guaranteed.
Associated with fundamental human rights (right to water).
[Based on WIKIPEDIA]

4. Different Public Services
Universal, supplied to everybody (street cleaning)
On request, (repair, advisory, elementary medical),
To entitled (social benefits, social housing)
Controlled/limited based on scarce resources (nursery)
Compulsory (education)
Preventive (security, youth, health)
Open access - by conscious choice – sometimes paid (public transport, culture)

5. [Source: UNDP, Public Private Partnership Programme, March 2006]

6. Vocabulary Public goods Merit goods Natural monopoly Decentralization
Subsidiarity
Empowernment
Responsiveness

7. EU policy: Liberalization of network public services Increasing the competition [Article 16 of the EC Treaty]
Basic Principles:
continuity of service;
quality;
security of supply;
equal access;
affordable prices;
social, cultural and environmental acceptability.
Source: EU Public Service Charter

8. Governing and Servicing
Functions (roles) of the Central and Territorial Governments:
Legislative
Security and Law enforcement
Asset management
Assuring and delivering service supply
Government’s responsiblity for service delivery, links the forms of governing and the forms of service organization

9. HISTORICAL TENDENCIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

10. US Public Administrations
Federalism
IGR – Intergovernmental Relations
IGM – Intergovernmental Management

11. Comparison System Features FED IGR IGM 1. Units Involved
National-State,
Interstate
National-State-Local
State-Local
National-Local
Interlocal
IGR units plus:
Politics-in-Administration Continuum,
Public-Private Sector Mix
2. Authority Relations
National Supremacy
(Contingent Hierarchy)
Perceived Hierarchy
(Assymetric Orientations)
Nonhierarchy Networks (Matrix Management)
3. Means of Conflict Resolution
Laws, Courts, Elections
Market, Games, Coalitions
Bargain/Negotiation, Dispute Settlement, Coping
4. Values
Purposes (Mission)
Perspectives
(Policy in Administration)
Products, Program Results (Management)
5. Political Quotient(s)
High Politics
„partisanship”
Policy Making (Coordination)
Implementation
(Problem Solving)
6. Lead(ing) Actors
Elected Politicians
Administrative Generalists
Policy Profesjonals
[Source: Deil S. Wright: Federalizm, Intergovernmental Relations, and Intergovernmental Management: Historical Reflections and Conceptual Comparisons]

13. European Public Administrations

14. CHANGES IN LOCAL PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT - EUR
Source: Hambleton R.(2001),
The New City Menagement,
w: Hambleton, Savith, Steward,
Globalism and local democracy,
London: Palgrave

15. Characterised Element Traditional (Old) Public Mangement
NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT VS. OLD PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
Characterised Element
Traditional (Old) Public Mangement
New Public Management 1
Organizational Structure
Centralized
Decentralized, split between units centered over particular services 2
Relations between and inside of the administrative units
Undefined – no time limits
Contract based 3
Mode of operation
Ethics of governing accentuated, no organizational changes
Adopted from the private sector 4
Mode of financing
Steady or growing budget
Reduction in resource usage 5
Management Style
Based on political skills and legal justification
Transparent management 6
Outcome orientation
Non-transparency as to the standards
Need of clearly explained goals 7
Controlling
Only procedures and finances controlled
Monitoring of outcomes and effects
[NON – ORIGINAL VOCABULARY Based on: J.G.Van Helden, Is Financial Stress an Incentiove for the Adoption of Businesslike Planning and Control in Local
Government? A comparative Study of Eight Dutch Municipalities, Financial Accountability & Management, 16(I), February 2000]

16. New Public Management “Steering not rowing” government,
Reduces direct delivering of services. They can be delegated or contracted to the market, agencies, social economy sector or non-governmental partners.
The government’s role remains defining strategic priorities and policies

17. Governing goes Governance
„A traditional top-down approach emphasises control and uniformity, horizontal governance recognises that governments alone may not have the capacity, knowledge or legitimacy to solve complex public policy problems in a diverse society”
Source:Mapping the Links

18. Empowernment

19. Central and Eastern Europe reforms - breaking five monopolies
Electoral monopoly of the communist party
“Homogenous state authority” monopoly; vertical, dependency of lower on upper tiers of government.
Monopoly of state property – the municipal property could not exist as separate from state property
Monopoly of state budget – local budgets were part of central government finance. No discretion in local revenue raising.
Monopoly of the state administration – local bureaucrats were part of the central administration and subordinated to branch ministries rather than to local council or executives.
[Source: Regulski J. (1997) “Samorząd w budowie” [w:] P. Swianiewicz (ed.) Wartości podstawowe samorządu terytorialnego i demokracji lokalnej, Municipium, Warszawa.]

20. Reforming Public Services UK Initiatives

21. CCT Compulsory Competitive Tendering The Citizen’s Charter
Modernizing Government White Paper
Better Public Services
Some implementations:
CCT
Best Value
Compact

22. Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT)
Separating politics and administration
Elected bodies replaced with specialized agencies
Contact and cooperation between the organizations based on market relations and procedures
Local authorities act as „Enabling Authority” and concentrate on local policies and not on the details of implementation
Reduction of local governments’ corporate identity

23. BEST VALUE
Ensuring that public services are responsive to the needs of citizens, not the convenience of service providers
Ensuring that public services are efficient and of a high quality
Ensuring that policy making is more joined-up and strategic, forward looking and not reactive to short-term pressures

24. The Compact - published in 1998
The agreement between the Government and the voluntary and community sector to improve their relationship for the benefit of the communities they serve. The Compact sets out:
a shared vision and principles;
undertakings for both sides;
Government’s commitment to respect the independence of the sector; and systems to help make sure that the agreement works.
Community groups can play a range of different roles:
providing a voice for residents and users to public authorities and service providers;
building relationships and networks in neighbourhoods and communities, and providing self-help and mutual support
delivering services, often locally and informally, based on their assessment of community needs.

26. Organizational Solutions in Public Service Delivery

27. Diferent Forms
Partnerships
Privatization
PPP
Public Benefit

28. Partnerships
Partnerships overcome typical obstacles, local authority encounters in service delivery (and other areas) :
Dispersed resources
Administrative-territorial fragmentation
Limited economies of scale
Threshold gap

29. Organisational arrangements for cooperation:
Joint inter-municipal agency
Partnerships with the private sector
Partnership with the Civil Society organizations

30. Main principles Avoiding the risks of corruption,
Limiting abuse of power and improper conduct.
creation of an enabling environment
Assuring proper legal framework

31. Privatization Basic terms:
Consumer: recipient / user of the given service
Producer: entity delivering / producing a service
Initiator: entity contacting consumer and producer or choosing the producer
Financing:
Consumer pays for the service
Public authority or charity organization pays for the service
Cost is subsidized by the public body or private charity

32. Private Sector Initiates Private Sector Produces
Goods and Services
Central Governmet
Initiates
Private Sector Initiates
Private Sector Produces
State produces
State
Market
Non - Profit
Self - Help
Stata sells
Coupons
Local Auth.
contract
Subsidy
Concession
Source:
Savas

33. Public Private Partnership (PPP)
No single definition
Variety of economic activities in constant evolution
Common principles and values

34. What PPP is
Arrangments between government and private sector entities for the purpose of providing public infrastructure, community facilities and related services.
Characterised by the sharing of investment, risk, responsibility and reward between the partners.
The reasons for establishing such partnerships generally involve the financing, design, construction, operation and maintenance of public infrastructure and services.
[Source: Canadian Public Private Partnership: A Guide for Local Government]

35. PPP Rationale
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as a method of financing
Private sector involved in the areas where moving away from public ownership or market provision is not good or feasible.
Quality of the implementation and management of projects.
The principal benefits of PPP schemes:
Public sector gains access to a range of private sector skills that makes for more efficient and cost-effective service
Private sector takes on a range of risks that under traditional public procurement would be borne by the public sector
[Source: Cohesion Policy in Support of Growth and Jobs: Community Strategic Guidelines, ]

36. Project Procurement Options Source: European Commission Directorate-General Regional policy Guidelines for successful Public – private Partnerships, March 2003

37. Community Involvement in Public Service Implementation