1. Citation Styles: MLA, APA, CMS

2. MLA Modern Language Association Used in humanities courses
Emphasis on authorship:
Author’s name appears in physical text
Author’s name appears first in Works Cited page entries

3. APA American Psychological Association Used in social science courses
Emphasis on date created:
Date of work appears in physical text
Place immediately after author’s name on “References” page

4. CMS Chicago Manual of Style Two systems for citation:
Notes and bibliography (NB) system
Author-date (AD) system
NB used in history courses; emphasis on source origins
Numbers assigned to particular facts that link to footnote or endnote that provides bibliographic information

5. Footnote vs. Endnote Footnote: Endnote: Located at foot of page
Easy to find; easy to gain information
Affects the layout of the page
Endnote:
Located at end of chapter, volume, or entire work
Reader must move back and forth between main text and footnotes
Does not affect layout of page

6. MLA: All sources Author name.
Title of source. (longer works italicized, “shorter works placed in quotation marks”)
Title of container, (larger publication, website name)
Other contributors, (Edited by, Translated by, Directed by, etc.)
Version, (Edition; Volume = vol.)
Number, (Issue = no.)
Publisher,
Publication date,
Location. (URL or page numbers)
Accessed date (day month year; time sensitive material)

7. APA: Books Author name. (Publication year). Title of source.
Location of publication:
Publisher.
Retrieved from URL (if online)

8. APA: Periodicals Author name. (Publication year).
Title of article (first word and proper nouns capitalized).
Title of periodical (italicized),
Volume number,
Page number(s).

9. APA: Online sources Author name.
(Publication date); [n.d.] if not given.
Title of article or page title.
Larger Publication title,
volume or issue number.
Retrieved from URL or DOI (serial number)

10. CMS: Books Author name. Title of source. Location of publication:
Publisher,
Publication date.

11. CMS: Periodicals Author name. “Article title.” Publication title.
Issue information: Page numbers.
Publication date.
URL (if accessed online).

12. CMS: Online sources Author (and/or owner, sponsor) name.
Title of document.
URL or DOI.
Accessed on date (if information is time sensitive).

13. Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Immediate or firsthand account of a topic from people who hand direct connection with it.
Historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, straight news stories by reporter who witnessed event, speeches, diaries, letters, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, art objects, photograph, audio and video recordings, interviews, survey data, fieldwork, , blogs, empirical studies.

14. Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Describe, discuss, interpret, comment on, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources.
Books about a topic, articles in newspapers or magazines, articles in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else’s primary research, analysis papers, documentaries that use primary sources, book or movie reviews.

15. Endnote Question Type #1
Container of the information noted:
Book
Periodical/journal
Online source?
What to look for:
Is the title in “quotation marks” (article or shorter work) or italicized (book title or larger publication title: periodical or journal)?
Is there a volume or issue number? (More likely periodical or journal)
Is there a URL? (Online source)
Is there a “directed by”? (Film or television)
Is there “Re: something” and “Received by”? ( )

16. Endnote Question Type #2
Function/purpose of the end/footnote:
Validate claim in the text
Indicate where information first appeared /primary source
Indicate where further information can be found
Note possible objections to claim or acknowledge opposing ideas
Note possible conflicts of interest or bias
Note relationship between writers and/or source materials

17. Endnote Question Type #3
Type of information provided:
Definition of a term
Original source of term or idea
Where further information can be located
If person cited is an author, editor, translator, etc.
Who published source cited
When/Where it was published