1. EXPLORATION OF AAU LIBRARY for HE EXCELLENCE
National Academic Digital Repository of Ethiopia (NADRE) Towards the Ethiopian Knowledge Society
EXPLORATION OF AAU LIBRARY for HE EXCELLENCE By
Mesfin Gezahegn
University Librarian and Chair Of CEARL
February 2018, Addis Ababa Friendship Int. Hotel

2. National Academic Digital Repository of Ethiopia
(NADRE) Towards the Ethiopian Knowledge
Society :
EXPLORATION OF AAU LIBRARY for HE EXCELLENCE

3. Impact of ICT on libraries
Changing traditional library to digital library by building of digital collection which is leading to transformation in the society, academic environment in particular.
ICT has brought notable transformation in many factors, particularly in the area of disseminating information speedily.
Moreover, the present generation of students is more comfortable with ICT in their everyday life. Now, most of the students rely on technology to collect information and to communicate with others.

4. CONTD…
On the other hand, in this age of information overload; the availability of more than 17 million internet sites, three billion web pages, and more than a million items in typical medium-sized academic library and more importantly, unorganized information available on Internet, so it is critical to get desired information easily from internet and it affects academic success and personal learning.

5. What is a Digital Library?
A digital library is an organized collection of information
A focused collection of digital objects
that manipulate digital data in any medium (text, images, sounds, static or dynamic iIt is a set of electronic resources and associated technical capabilities for creating, searching, and using information and extension of IR mages) and exist in distributed networks (Borgman, 1996)
A focused collection of digital objects ( text, video, and audio) along with methods for access and retrieval, and for selection, organization, and maintenance of the collection.
(Witten and Bainbridge,2003)

6. Digital Library Definition
A digital Library is a special library with a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video material stored as electronic media formats, along with means for organizing, storing and retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection.
ALA

7. Academic Libraries
Thus, the academic libraries are moving into a critical take off phase:
They are in between modernization and transformation phase, and would be progressing as largely digital in next few years.

8. Research and Library Perspective of D-Lib
Digital libraries are organized collections of digital information. They combine the structuring and gathering of information, which libraries and archives have always done, with the digital representation that computers have made possible.
Lesk, 1997
Digital library is a managed collection of information, with associated services, where information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network.
Arms, 2000
Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities.
Digital Libraries Federation (DLF)

9. D-Lib Coverage
Digital Libraries are being created today for diverse communities and in different fields
e.g. education, science, culture, health, governance and so on.
Creation and sharing of information through the digital library collections has become a feasible proposition for libraries.

10. Digital libraries Vs Traditional libraries
D-Lib differ significantly from the traditional libraries
D-Lib allow users to gain an on-line access to and work with the electronic versions of full text documents and multi-media content like images, audio and video.

11. A Typical Library Collection
The value is in the middle
15%
15%
65% or more
Less than 20%**
In-Print
Unclear copyright status
May be in copyright, but not for sale
Rights may have reverted to author
May be in the public domain
Public Domain
92% of the world's books are neither generating revenue for the copyright holder nor easily accessible to potential readers.*
*Source:  Covey, Denise Troll.  "Global Cooperation for Global Access:  The Million Book Project“ **OCLC analysis of the Google Books Library Project:   

12. D-Lib Initiatives
85% of books are out of print and/or out of copyright – these books are only found in libraries
Only 15% of books are in print

13. D-Lib Mission
To organize the information and make it universally accessible and useful.
Online Content Billions of web pages
Offline Content Billions of items still unindexed

14. Digital Libraries
Users
Hyperlinks
Metadata
Search
Index
DL creation &
processes
Traditional Libraries
I NDEX

15. Building blocks of Digital libraries
Theses/Dissertations
Audio Files
Video Files
Texts
Datasets
Learning Objects (OCW)
Technical reports
Working papers
Conference reports
Preprints/articles
Books
Images
3D objects

16. Benefits of Digital Libraries
Digital libraries bring significant benefits to the users through the following features:
Improved access
accessed virtually from anywhere and at anytime.
They are not tied to the physical location and operating hours of traditional library.
Wider access
DL objects can be accessed simultaneous
Improved information sharing.
libraries can easily share information with other similar digital libraries and provide enhanced access to users.
Improved preservation
facilitate preservation of special and rare documents and artifacts by providing access to digital versions of these entities.

17. Contd…
No Physical Boundaries/ Libraries without walls, anywhere Access
DL brings library to the user
Multiple access of documents
24/7 availability
Saves the increasing cost of buildings and storage space
Information retrieval, Full text search
Preservation.
Online Access to Historical and cultural documents whose existence is endangered due to physical decay

18. Contd… Contains Electronic Or Digital Format
Preserve Permanent Documents
No Physical Space Constraints
Minimize cost
Increase the research out put
Maintain the credential of the university globally
Multiple Access Opportunity
Efficient Information Retrieval

19. Digitization Why Digitization? To preserve Documents:
allow people to read older or unique documents without damage to the originals
To make Documents more accessible:
To reuse Documents.
convert documents into different formats

20. Tools And Skills Required
Conversion Tools
Word to pdf and merging and formatting
Djvu to PDF
Epub to pdf
Basic Librarianship: to identify bibliographic information’s or metadata element ;
To assign proper subject heading.
Basic Computer skills

21. Goals of AAUL One to one and electronically available resources for
Instructors
Students
Researchers
University communities
Higher Education Institutions and others too

22. Types of AAU Digital Library services
Institutional Repository (aau-etd)
Ethiopian Journals Online(ejol)
Electronic Book Services(dlib)
This project is Initiated in 2013 and completed in May 2014.
Consists of or digitized 65,000 e- books collection in all field of study.

23. Types of AAU digital Library services

27. Process of Digitization
Centralized Server
Book scanning status
XML Meta File Creation using Dublin core Std.
Scanned Image in TIFF format
S/w to divide even & odd pages
Batch cropping & Cleaning
OCR
Conversion to TXT/RTF/HTML
Yes No
Uploading
Reject the Book

28. Institutional Repository
An institutional repository is an archive for collecting, preserving, and disseminating digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution
AAU ETD : Electronic thesis and dissertation
A thesis or dissertation created and submitted in electronic form or print form(converted to electronic form by digitization) by student in partial fulfillment of degree requirements.
AAU ETD uses Dspace Software

29. Why Dspace
An open source technology platform which can be customized and its capabilities can be extended
A service model for open access and/or digital archiving for perpetual access
A platform to build an Institutional Repository and the collections are searchable and retrievable by/on the Web.

30. AAU ETD Initiated and implemented in 2007
Currently more than thesis and dissertations are available and accessible online
Web address :

31. AAU-ETD workflow

32. AAU-ETD

33. AAU CATALOGUE

35. Access to AAU ETD Resources
Two major ways to access resources in the ETD
Browse : College and Institutes collections, Issue date, Author, Advisor, Title, Subject
Search , Advanced search/ filter results
Demonstration :

36. Browse AAU ETD

37. Advanced Search AAU ETD

38. Ethiopian Journals Online(EJOL)
Digitization of different Journals from different departments in the university and outside the university
Ethiopian Journals Online Initiatives
Either to perform online publishing and archiving
Or Uploading the previous issues and creating online access free of charge/fee
Currently hosts More than 15 Journals, 97 issues and More than 500 Articles
Web Access : or

39. Ethiopian Journals Online (EJOL)

40. Ethiopian Higher Education Expansion
Addis Ababa
Arebaminche
Aksum
Diredewa
Metu
Haramaya
Adama ST
Medawelabu
Jigjiga
BuleHora
Hawassa
Ambo
Mizan Tepe
Adigrat
Assosa
Mekelle
Dilla
Wellega
Deberetabor
Kotebe Metropolitan
Bahirdar
Addis Ababa ST
Wello
Woldeya
Defense
Gonder
Welayeta sodo
Debereberehan
Wolkite
Jimma
Semera
Deberemarkos
Wachamo

41. Ethiopia HE Enrollment
2006 E.C. (2013/14)
2007 E.C. (2014/15)
2008 E.C(2015/2016)
2009 ≈
2010 (2017/2018)
Under G.
593,574
729,028
778766
887793
Graduate
32,567
40,287
51521
58733
66955
Total
626,141
769,315
830287
946526
Source 2014/15 and 2015/2016 MOE Statistics

42. Demand for Reading Materials
No. of Universities
Total No. Students of 2007
Total No. Students of 2008
Total No. Students of 2009
Total No. Students of 2010
35+
769,315
830287
946517
Materials Demand
Average 11+ %
Per Head RM
Text book/Student/Per course ( Example AAU Undergraduate students programs are 70 each have near to 40 courses and total of students)

43. The role of Digital Resources for education
STIMULATE/INASP Workshop: Accessing Information in Developing Countries – Electronic Information Resources
The role of Digital Resources for education
Up-to-date
Convenient: information at your desktop
Value-added features: search facilities, links to other databases, supplementary information, graphics, etc
Access to a wider range of material than might be available through your local library
are often the most up-to-date resource available
electronic articles are sometimes made available as soon as they have been edited etc, without having to wait for enough papers to be processed to make up a whole journal issue. This can be important in research fields which move rapidly.
access from your desktop PC, if you have the equipment needed to support them.
value added features such as:
ability to search across the whole collection of journals using keywords;
cross-linking to other databases or collections of e-journals;
direct links from the list references to the cited article;
supplementary information, such as detailed experimental data, which there may not have been space for in the print format;
inclusion of multimedia examples.
The availability of many free electronic databases and journals gives you access to more resources than might otherwise be available through your local library.

44. Approaches to Deliver potential resources
Direct procurement of Print books –which the impossibility of addressing the enormous enrolment of higher education demand
Subscription of Journals
Subscription of E-books
Creation of Digitized library

45. Journal Data bases
The following are the basic subscribed journal databases for the country higher education institutions.

46. Journal Data bases African Journals Online (AJOL) http://www.ajol.info
HINARI
Auto-login
AGORA
American Astronomical Society
American Chemical Society
American Institute of Physics (including Acoustical Society of America)
American Physical Society
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
American Society of Civil Engineers Journals Online
Annual Reviews
Brill
British Institute of Radiography

47. Journal Data bases Cambridge University Press Journals Online (CJO)
Canadian Science Publishing (was NRC Press)
Cochrane Library (Web)
De Gruyter LIS books collection
De Gruyter LIS journals collection
De Gruyter Online Journals (inc LIS)
Duke University Press
EBSCOhost PERI Project Package
EBSCO NISC Database
Edinburgh University
Gale: Expanded Academic ASAP
Gale: Health and Wellness Resource Center

48. Journal Data bases Geological Society http://www.lyellcollection.org/
HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
Institution of Engineering Technology (IET)
Institute of Physics Journals
International Forestry Review
International Monetary Fund
JSTOR

49. Journal Data bases Liebert Online http://www.liebertonline.com/
Libraries in a Digital Age
Nature Publishing Group Journals
Oxford University Press – Oxford Journals
Policy Press Journals
Royal College of Physicians
Royal Society Journals Online
Royal Society of Chemistry: RSC Journals Archive
Sage Journals Online
Sage Publications – IMechE  (Institution of Mechanical Engineers)
SPIE Digital Library

50. Journal Data bases SPIE Digital Library www.SPIEDigitalLibrary.org
Springer eJournals Enhanced Package 2004 titles
Taylor & Francis Online Journals
University of Chicago Press
Wiley-Blackwell – InterScience Content
Former Blackwell Synergy Content on Wiley Interscience
Wiley Online Library full collection (1,360 titles)
ScienceDirect: 14,117,310 articles on ScienceDirect

51. What are digital libraries for?
Knowledge/content management
Manage and access internal information assets
Scholarly communication, education, research
E-journals, e-prints, e-books, data sets, e-learning
Access to cultural collections
Cultural, heritage, historical & special collections, museums, biodiversity
E-governance
Improved access to government policies, plans, procedures, rules and regulations
Archiving and preservation

52. Organizational Transformation in Academic Libraries
Traditional / Automated
Organization is physical
Shelving of documents - Based on Subject Cln
Key - Index / Catalogues / Cards / Digital Catalogs
Cards - Real/Virtual - Author, Title, Descriptions
Digital
Organization in terms of digital files /objects
Contains material digitized form
Contains digital material
Architecture
Key - Metadata

53. What is Digitization
The process of taking traditional library materials that are in form of books and papers and converting them to the electronic form where they can be stored and manipulated by a computer.

54. FTP Vs Digital library FTP Digital Library Web based service
No linkage potential
No require special software
Not support content management
Not searchable

55. Principles of Digital Library Development
Expect Change
Know your contents
Involve the right people
Design usable systems
Ensure open access
Be(a)ware of data rights
Automate whenever possible
Adopt and adhere to standards
Ensure quality
Be concerned about persistence

56. Components of Digital Library

57. Types of Digital Libraries
Stand-alone Digital Library (SDL)
Federated Digital Library (FDL)
Harvested Digital Library (HDL)

58. Stand-alone Digital Library (SDL)
This is the regular classical library implemented in a fully computerized fashion. SDL is simply a library in which the holdings are digital (scanned or digitized). The SDL is self-contained - the material is localized and centralized.

59. Federated Digital Library (FDL)
This is a federation of several independent SDLs in the network, organized around a common theme, and coupled together on the network. A FDL composes several autonomous SDLs that form a networked library with a transparent user interface. The different SDLs are heterogeneous and are connected via communication networks.

60. Harvested Digital Library (HDL)
This is a virtual library providing summarized access to related material scattered over the network. . Examples of HDLs are the Internet Public Library (IPL)
A HDL holds only metadata with pointers to the holdings that are "one click away" in Cyberspace.
Developed by Library Professionals, or Computer Scientists

61. Four Corner Stones of Digital Library
Communication technologies
Community
Computer
Content

62. Features of Digital Libraries
Dynamic Electronic Information Systems
Seamless Aggregation and Integration of Scholarly Content
Create / Maintain Local Content
Strengthens - mechanisms and capacity - Information Systems / Services
Increase Portability
Efficiency of Access
Flexibility
Availability
Long term preservation
UNESCO

63. D-Lib Software: Alternatives
What are your expectations?
Develop local web-based application?
Commercial DL solution?
Adopt open source software?
Greenstone
Eprints
DSpace
(CDS/ISIS, Koha)

64. Conclusion
The concepts of Digital and Virtual libraries are actually services added to the traditional libraries wherein the resources which can only be utilized with computers.
We hope digital libraries will coexist with traditional libraries whether within them or as separate entities. However the role of professionals will be drastically changed in digital environment.
Digital libraries have customers instead of users and provide pull and push information delivery methods.

65. Questions, Comments
Thank you