1. States of Consciousness

2. Consciousness What is it?
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

3. Some types of consciousness occur spontaneously
Daydreaming
Drowsiness - sleep
Dreaming

4. Some types of consciousness are Physiologically Induced
Hallucinations
Food or Oxygen Starvation

5. Some types of consciousness are Psychologically Induced
Meditation
Hypnosis
Sensory Deprivation

6. Consciousness- Background
At it’s beginning, psychology was the description and explanation of states of consciousness
Difficulty of studying consciousness led many psychologists to turn to direct observations of behavior
School of thought in psychology during the first half of this century that studies consciousness is behaviorism

7. Information Processing
Conscious awareness enables us to exert voluntary control and to communicate our mental states to others
We process a great deal of information outside of our awareness
We register and react to stimuli we do not consciously perceive

8. Parallel Processing
Beneath the surface, subconscious information processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks
For example, the ability to monitor a shape as well as a color of an object

9. Conscious Thought
Unlike parallel processing of subconscious information, conscious processing takes place in sequence
Consciousness- relatively slow and has limited capacity
Consciousness is nature’s way of keeping us from thinking and doing everything at once
Example- Sub-consciousness advisors to President; Consciousness President

10. Daydreaming
Young adults spend more time daydreaming and admit to more sexual fantasies
About 95% of both men and women say they have had sexual fantasies
Men fantasize about sex more often, more physically, and less romantically
Sexual fantasies do not indicate sexual problems or dissatisfaction

11. Daydreaming Mostly involves the familiar details of our lives
Example- imagining an alternative approach to something we have to do or picturing ourselves explaining to an instructor why a paper will be late
Are the hours we spend in fantasy a way of escaping rather than facing reality?
Some daydreams help us prepare for future events by keeping us aware of our unfinished business and giving us a chance to mentally rehearse
People who are prone to delinquency and violence or who seek the artificial highs of dangerous drugs have fewer vivid fantasies

12. Sleep

13. Sleep and Dreams
How do our age-old biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams?
What exactly is sleep, and why must we have it?
What and why do we dream?

14. Sleep: True or False
When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream?
Older adults sleep more than young adults?
Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams?
Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill?
Some people dream every night; others seldom dream?

15. Sleep Just one of many types of consciousness we experience
Comprises several states of consciousness
Even when sleeping our brains and bodies continue to work

16. Biological Rhythms Definition- periodic physiological fluctuations
Over varying time periods our bodies fluctuate, and with them our minds
Emphasizes mood fluctuations due to seasonal affective disorders
Example: winter time- “everyone gets depressed”

17. Sleep is affected by Biological Rhythms or Cycles
All of us have biological clocks/rhythms
An internal mechanism controlled by our hypothalamus
Coordinates hormones, metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, and arousal
They vary from person to person
Some universal biological clocks
Annual Cycles
bears hibernate once a year and people experience variations in moods and sleep due to change of seasons
28 day cycles
female menstrual cycle

18. Biological Rhythms- Cont.
24 hour cycles
Varying and falling alertness, body temperature, growth hormone secretion
human wake and sleep cycle – circadian rhythms
Free running rhythms
No outside indicators of 24 hour cycle
Let body decide cycle
25ish hour cycle
90 minute Cycles
-We cycle through various stages of sleep

19. Circadian Rhythm Another name for our 24 hour biological clock
Your “internal clock” that releases melatonin
Hormone that makes us feel tired – less = alert
Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day
It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks
WHY??
What happens when you ignore your biological clock?
How can the circadian rhythm or biological clock help explain jet lag?

20. Circadian Rhythms
Are you a Lark or Owl? Morning lovers= Larks Evening-Energized- Owls Thinking is sharpest and memory most accurate when people are a their daily peak in circadian arousal Reports show- College students typically perform better as the day goes on, whereas adults tend to perform best in the morning and performance levels dwindle throughout the day

21. Did your biological clock reset?!?

22. Functions of Sleep Why do we sleep?? It is a protective function
Adaptive theory of sleep
It restores body tissues that are depleted during daily activities
This is called the restorative theory of sleep
It helps us conserve energy

23. Sleep Research EEG EMG EOG EKG Ways we can study sleep
electroencephalographs – records brain waves
EMG
electromyographs – records muscle activity (usually around the mouth)
EOG
electrooculographs – records eye movement
EKG
electrocardiographs – records the activity of the heart

24. The Sleep Fraternity Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Theta
Brain waves
line tracings summarizing activity in the brain
Picked up by EEG
They vary in amplitude (height) and frequency (cycles per second - cps)
Beta – normal thought process (13-24 cps)
Alpha – deep relaxation, meditation (8-12 cps)
Theta – light sleep (4-7 cps)
Delta – deep sleep (less than 4 cps)

25. Sleep Stages There are 5 identified stages of sleep
It takes about minutes to pass through the 5 stages
The brains waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in
The first four stages are known as NREM (non-REM sleep)
The fifth stage is called REM sleep (rapid eye movement)

26. Stage One A transition stage between wake and sleep
It usually lasts between 1 and 7 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5% of normal night of sleep
Breathing and heart rate slow and body temperature decline
Brief periods of alpha waves, give way to theta waves
Hypnic jerks and hallucinations can take place
brief muscle contractions and vivid sensory experiences

27. Stage Two Sleep spindles occur
This follows stage 1 and respiration rate, heart rate, muscle tension, and body temperature continue to decline
Lasts 10 – 25 mins.
Mixed EEG activity
Sleep spindles occur
Brief bursts of high frequency brain waves

28. Stage Three and Four
Stages three and four are Delta sleep or “slow wave” sleep (SWS) and may last minutes each
It is called slow wave sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the “theta” rhythms of stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called “deltas” and the height or amplitude of the waves increase dramatically

29. Stage Three and Four cont.
The deepest stage of sleep and the most restorative
In children delta sleep is what makes children unawakeable or “dead asleep” during most of the night
After stage 4 the cycle reverses itself
When the sleeper reaches what should be stage one they go into a fifth stage – REM sleep

30. REM – rapid eye movement
Stage Five – REM Sleep
REM – rapid eye movement
“deep” stage of sleep (hard to wake people from it)
Very active stage of sleep (that is in the brain)
breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken
20-25% of nights sleep (can change with age)
EEG shows beta waves (resemble those of alert people)
vivid dreams can occur
From REM, you go back to Stage 2

31. REM (cont.) Also known as paradoxical sleep
you are temporarily paralyzed but most of your internal body systems are active

32. A Typical Sleep Cycle Stage 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 3 – 2 – REM - 2
People go through about 4 sleep cycles during one night, with REM getting longer and longer as the night passes
The longest REM stage lasts about minutes
and it is the last of the night
(why we remember this dream more easily)

33. How much sleep do we need?
We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics
But we all sleep about 25 years on average
Are you sleep deprived??
How do you feel when you don’t get enough sleep??

34. Sleep Disorders and Problems

35. Can you just make up for lost sleep in one night??

36. Sleep Deprivation
Research shows getting insufficient sleep can have negative effects on health, productivity, and performance
Deprived of REM, people usually experience a REM rebound effect
spending more time in REM in subsequent nights to make up for lost REM time

38. Insomnia Problems falling or staying asleep Has to be Reoccurring
not your once in a while (I have a big test tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep episode
info on Insomnia

39. Sleep Apnea the temporary stopping of breathing during sleep
Causes numerous momentary reawakening (loud snorers)
sleep apnea info

40. Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
Occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep
The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities.
Some people even drive a car while actually asleep.
The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or longer.
sleepwalking basics

41. Others Night terrors Bruxism
characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified
occur in stage 4 and are not often remembered
Bruxism
teeth grinding

42. Others Klein-Levin Syndrome Hypnophobia Hypnalgia Myoclonus
people sleep for excessive amounts of time
Hypnophobia
fear of going to sleep
Hypnalgia
dream pain
Myoclonus
sudden jerking of a body part